scholarly journals Narrow oviposition preference of an insect herbivore risks survival under conditions of severe drought

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L. Salgado ◽  
Michelle F. DiLeo ◽  
Marjo Saastamoinen
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
List Type ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Climate Conditions

ABSTRACTUnderstanding species’ habitat preferences are crucial to predict organisms’ responses to the current climate crisis. In many insects, maternal habitat selection for oviposition essentially determines offspring performance. Whether changes in climatic conditions may pose future mismatches in oviposition preference and offspring performance when mothers continue to prefer microhabitats that now threaten offspring survival is an open question.To address this, we tested if oviposition preferences put offspring at risk in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) under drought stress. Mainly, we focus on identifying the microhabitat determinants for oviposition and the variation of conditions experienced by the sessile offspring, using field observations from 12 populations collected over 2015-2018. These data are combined with ten years of larval nest and precipitation data to understand within-population patterns of habitat selection. We tested whether the preferred microhabitats maximized the extended larval performance (i.e. overwinter survival).We found that females preferentially oviposited in microhabitats with higher host plant abundance and higher proportion of host plants with signs of drought stress. In most years, larval nests had higher survival in these drought-stressed microhabitats. However, in an extremely dry year, only two nests survived over the summer.Our results highlight that a failure to shift habitat preference under extreme climate conditions may have drastic consequences for the survival of natural populations under changing climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Biogenic isoprenoid emissions under drought stress: different responses for isoprene and terpenes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4627-4645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bonn ◽  
Ruth-Kristina Magh ◽  
Joseph Rombach ◽  
Jürgen Kreuzwieser
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Climate Conditions

Abstract. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by biogenic sources depend on different environmental conditions. Besides temperature and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), the available soil water can be a major factor controlling the emission flux. This factor is expected to become more important under future climate conditions, including prolonged drying–wetting cycles. In this paper we use results of available studies on different tree types to set up a parameterization describing the influence of soil water availability (SWA) on different isoprenoid emission rates. Investigating SWA effects on isoprene (C5H8), monoterpene (C10H16) and sesquiterpene (C15H24) emissions separately, it is obvious that different plant processes seem to control the individual emission fluxes, providing a measure to which plants can react to stresses and interact. The SWA impact on isoprene emissions is well described by a biological growth type curve, while the sum of monoterpenes displays a hydraulic conductivity pattern reflecting the plant's stomata opening. However, emissions of individual monoterpene structures behave differently to the total sum, i.e., the emissions of some increase, whereas others decline at decreasing SWA. In addition to a rather similar behavior to that of monoterpene emissions, total sesquiterpene fluxes of species adapted to drought stress tend to reveal a rise close to the wilting point, protecting against oxidative damages. Considering further VOCs as well, the total sum of VOCs tends to increase at the start of severe drought conditions until resources decline. In contrast to declining soil water availability, OH and ozone reactivity are enhanced. Based on these observations, a set of plant protection mechanisms are displayed for fighting drought stress and imply notable feedbacks on atmospheric processes such as ozone, aerosol particles and cloud properties. With increasing lengths of drought periods, declining storage pools and plant structure effects yield different emission mixtures and strengths. This drought feedback effect is definitely worth consideration in climate feedback descriptions and for accurate climate predictions.

scholarly journals The olive tree: a paradigm for drought tolerance in Mediterranean climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 2811-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sofo ◽  
S. Manfreda ◽  
B. Dichio ◽  
M. Fiorentino ◽  
C. Xiloyannis
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is commonly grown in the Mediterranean basin where prolonged droughts may occur during the vegetative period. This species has developed a series of physiological mechanisms to tolerate drought stress and grow under adverse climatic conditions that can be observed in numerous plants of the Mediterranean macchia. These mechanisms have been investigated through an experimental campaign carried out over both irrigated and drought-stressed plants in order to comprehend the plant response under stressed conditions and its ability to recover. Experimental results show that olive plants subjected to water deficit lower the water content and water potentials of their tissues, establishing a particularly high potential gradient between leaves and roots, and stop canopy growth but not photosynthetic activity and transpiration. This allows the continuous production of assimilates as well as their accumulation in the various plant parts, so creating a higher root/leaf ratio if compared to well-watered plants. Active and passive osmotic adjustment due to the accumulation of sugars (in particular mannitol and glucose), proline and other osmolytes has a key role in maintaining cell turgor and leaf activities. At severe drought-stress levels, the non-stomatal component of photosynthesis is inhibited and a light-dependent inactivation of the photosystem II occurs. Finally, the activities of some antioxidant enzymes involved in the scavenging of activated oxygen species and in other biochemical pathways, increase during a period of drought. The present paper provides an overview of the driving mechanisms adopted by olive trees to face drought stress with the aim of better understand plant-soil interactions.

scholarly journals Biogenic isoprenoid emissions under drought stress: Different responses for isoprene and terpenes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bonn ◽  
Ruth-Kristina Magh ◽  
Joseph Rombach ◽  
Jürgen Kreuzwieser
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Oxidative Damages

Abstract. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by biogenic sources depend on different environmental conditions. Besides temperature and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), the available soil water can be a major factor, controlling the emission flux. This factor is expected to become more important under future climate conditions including prolonged drying-wetting cycles. In this paper we use results of available studies on different tree types to set up a parameterization describing the influence of soil water availability (SWA) on different isoprenoid emission rates. Investigating SWA effects on isoprene (C5H8), mono- (C10H16) and sesquiterpene (C15H24) emissions separately, it is obvious that different plant processes seem to control the individual emission fluxes providing a measure of plants to react on stresses and to interact. The SWA impact on isoprene emissions is well described by a biological growth type curve, while the sum of monoterpenes displays a hydraulic conductivity pattern reflecting the plants stomata opening. However, emissions of individual monoterpene structures behave differently to the total sum, i.e. the emissions of some increase whereas of others decline at decreasing SWA. In addition to a rather similar behaviour as of monoterpene emissions, total sesquiterpene fluxes of species adapted to drought stress tend to reveal a rise close to the wilting point protecting against oxidative damages. Considering further VOCs too, the total sum of VOCs tends to increase at the start of severe drought conditions until resources decline. On the contrary, OH and ozone reactivity enhance. Based on these observations a set of plant protection mechanism displays for drought stress and implies notable feedbacks on atmospheric processes such as ozone, aerosol particles and cloud properties. With progressing length of drought periods declining storage pools and plant structure effects yield different emission mixtures and strengths. This drought feedback effect is definitely worth consideration in climate feedback descriptions and for accurate climate predictions.

scholarly journals Plant responses to butterfly oviposition partly explain preference-performance relationships on different brassicaceous species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Griese ◽  
Ana Pineda ◽  
Foteini G. Pashalidou ◽  
Eleonora Pizarro Iradi ◽  
Monika Hilker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Insect Eggs

AbstractAccording to the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH), also known as ‘mother-knows-best hypothesis’, herbivorous insects prefer those plants for oviposition, which yield the best offspring performance. Yet, most studies testing the PPH neglect the possibility that plant responses to insect eggs may affect both egg survival and larval performance. Here, we tested the PPH by studying responses of seven Brassicaceae plant species to oviposition by two cabbage white species. When including the egg phase, our study supports the ‘mother-knows-best hypothesis’: larvae of Pieris rapae (solitary) or P. brassicae (gregarious) gained most weight on those plant species which had received most eggs (B. nigra or B. montana, respectively). However, our experiments did not reveal any relationship between oviposition preference and egg survival. Brassicaceous species are known to respond to these butterfly eggs with a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis, which can lower egg survival. Pieris eggs frequently induced necrosis in five of the tested plant species. Survival of clustered P. brassicae eggs was unaffected by HR-like in four of the five species. Therefore, our experiments did not reveal any relationship between P. brassicae egg survival and oviposition preference. Females of P. rapae preferred oviposition on plant species which most frequently showed HR-like necrosis. Remarkably, although egg survival was lower on HR-like plants, larval biomass was higher compared to plants without a necrosis. We conclude that egg survival does not seem to be a deciding factor for oviposition choices. However, egg-mediated plant responses might be important to explain the PPH of the two Pieris species.Lay summaryEgg-laying preferences of herbivorous insects can often be linked to offspring performance. Commonly, the fate of insect eggs and the plant responses to the eggs have been ignored when studying the link between preference and performance. By including the egg phase, our study supports the ‘mother-knows-best hypothesis’, explained by butterfly oviposition and associated egg and larval performances on different plant species. We especially found that egg-mediated responses seem a deciding factor for butterfly oviposition choices.

Use of successional sowing in evaluating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) adaptation to drought in the Sudan savannah zone. 2. Response of reproductive traits

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
N. Muleba ◽  
M. Mwanke ◽  
I. Drabo
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Arid West ◽  
Savannah Zone

SUMMARYTwo sets of experiments on cowpea sowing date were conducted in 1983–85 at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. One set tested six daylength-insensitive (DI) cultivars and the other compared four or five daylength-sensitive (DS) cultivars with one or two DI cultivars as controls. Sowing after inadequate rainfall, particularly when followed by drought stress, impeded seedling establishment and growth. Severe drought stress during the reproductive growth stages and prolonged drought stress throughout the crop season adversely affected flowering, flowering intensity and subsequent yield. Cultivar differences in ability to withstand drought damage were observed. The ability of cultivars to (i) branch profusely, to compensate for stands lost by drought during seedling growth and (ii) flower at such a time that pod set and fill coincide with favourable climatic conditions appears to be a prerequisite for satisfactory adaptation to the Sudan savannah zone of semi-arid West Africa. Daylength-sensitivity and early maturity per se were inadequate to prevent yield losses under drought conditions.

scholarly journals The olive tree: a paradigm for drought tolerance in Mediterranean climates

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sofo ◽  
S. Manfreda ◽  
M. Fiorentino ◽  
B. Dichio ◽  
C. Xiloyannis
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Olive Trees

Abstract. Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) are commonly grown in the Mediterranean basin where prolonged droughts may occur during the vegetative period. This species has developed a series of physiological mechanisms, that can be observed in several plants of the Mediterranean macchia, to tolerate drought stress and grow under adverse climatic conditions. These mechanisms have been investigated through an experimental campaign carried out over both irrigated and drought-stressed plants in order to comprehend the plant response under stressed conditions and its ability to recover. Experimental results show that olive plants subjected to water deficit lower the water content and water potentials of their tissues, establishing a particularly high potential gradient between leaves and roots, and stop canopy growth but not photosynthetic activity and transpiration. This allows the continuous production of assimilates as well as their accumulation in the various plant parts, so creating a higher root/leaf ratio if compared to well-watered plants. Active and passive osmotic adjustment due to the accumulation of carbohydrates (in particular mannitol and glucose), proline and other osmolytes have key roles in maintaining cell turgor and leaf activities. At severe drought-stress levels, the non-stomatal component of photosynthesis is inhibited and a light-dependent inactivation of the photosystem II occurs. Finally, the activities of some antioxidant enzymes involved in the scavenging of activated oxygen species and in other biochemical pathways increase during a period of drought. The present paper provides an overview of the driving mechanisms adopted by olive trees to face drought stress with the aim of better understanding plant-soil interactions.

scholarly journals Airborne magnetic nanoparticles: environmental risk factors for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martinez-Boubeta ◽  
K. Simeonidis
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Fraction ◽  
List Type ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo examine the impact of concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on the incidence of COVID-19.MethodsPublicly available data of COVID-19 deaths in March/October 2020 were compared with concentrations of PM2.5 measured in previous years at urban and suburban areas in Thessaloniki. Similar publicly available data of PM2.5 concentrations from Tehran were gathered for comparison. Cross-correlation and Granger causality analysis were performed in order to assess linkage.ResultsOn the one hand, the mean PM2.5 concentrations in Thessaloniki were significantly higher in the winter, however the magnetic fraction of particulate matter in the autumn is twice its annual average, suggesting that traffic-related emissions alone may not explain the entire variability of PM2.5. On the other hand, it is implied that changes in coronavirus-related deaths follow changes in airborne magnetite, with the correlation between the two data sets being maximized at the lag time of one-month. Further insight is provided by the monthly pattern of PM2.5 mass concentrations in Tehran. We find that air pollution Granger causes COVID-19 deaths (p<0.05).ConclusionsA significant association has been found between PM2.5 values and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a bunch of regions. Reported links between pollution levels, climate conditions and other factors affecting vulnerability to COVID-19 may instead reflect inhalation exposure to magnetic nanoparticles. A hypothesis has been set that ubiquitous airborne magnetite pollution, together with certain climatic conditions, may promote a longer permanence of the viral particles in the air, thus favoring transmission.Key messagesWhat is already known about this subject?▸▸Due to their small dimensions, airborne particles are able to penetrate through inhalation into many human organs, from the lungs to the cardiovascular system and the brain, which can threaten our health. Research has shown that air pollution is an important cofactor increasing the risk of mortality from coronaviruses.What are the new findings?▸▸Evidence exists that the magnetic fraction of PM has modulated the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Thessaloniki, and potentially in any other region in the world.How might this impact on policy or clinical practice in the foreseeable future?▸▸Policymakers should take care not to overestimate the effect of social distancing interventions and should consider the impact of air pollution in current or future epidemic waves.

scholarly journals Plant Vigor Hypothesis refuted: preference-performance linkage of a gall-inducing weevil on small-sized host plant resources

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC. Santos ◽  
CB. Tavares ◽  
JS. Almeida-Cortez
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Plant Vigor Hypothesis

The Plant Vigor Hypothesis (PVH) predicts an oviposition preference of females and higher offspring performance for insect herbivores on longer and fast-growing plant modules. We tested the PVH predictions by investigating the effects of leaf size of Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. (Melastomataceae) on the oviposition preference and on the offspring survival of the gall-inducing weevil Prospoliata bicolorata (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Additionally, we analysed the effects of top-down mortality force on this system. Approximately 83% of the developed galls resulted in adults of P. bicolorata, whereas 17% of the galls successfully induced were killed by natural enemies (top-down effect). Leaves of intermediate size were more abundant while smaller and longer leaves were rare. Nevertheless, the percentage of P. bicolorata galls was higher on the smallest leaves of M. prasina, refuting the preference prediction of the PVH. Our results also refuted the performance prediction: the ratio of survival per leaf was negatively related to the leaf length. Thus, we found a link between female preference and larval performance of P. bicolorata on small-sized leaves of M. prasina. The next goal is to understand the mechanisms involved in the selection of gall-inducing weevil on short leaves of its host plant.

Ecological specificities of the interaction between animal breeding and climate changes, caused by greenhouse gas emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
O. Zhukorsky ◽  
O. Nykyforuk ◽  
N. Boltyk
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Global Problems

Aim. Proper development of animal breeding in the conditions of current global problems and the decrease of anthropogenic burden on environment due to greenhouse gas emissions, caused by animal breeding activity, require the study of interaction processes between animal breeding and external climatic conditions. Methods. The theoretical substantiation of the problem was performed based on scientifi c literature, statistical informa- tion of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the data of the National greenhouse gas emissions inventory in Ukraine. Theoretically possible emissions of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to animal breeding in Ukraine and specifi c farms are calculated by the international methods using the statistical infor- mation about animal breeding in Ukraine and the economic-technological information of the activity of the investigated farms. Results. The interaction between the animal breeding production and weather-and-climate conditions of environment was analyzed. Possible vectors of activity for the industry, which promote global warming and negative processes, related to it, were determined. The main factors, affecting the formation of greenhouse gases from the activity of enterprises, aimed at animal breeding production, were characterized. Literature data, statistical data and calculations were used to analyze the role of animal breeding in the green- house gas emissions in global and national framework as well as at the level of specifi c farms with the consid- eration of individual specifi cities of these farms. Conclusions. Current global problems require clear balance between constant development of sustainable animal breeding and the decrease of the carbon footprint due to the activity of animal breeding.

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