scholarly journals Testing the role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as drivers of the macroevolution of Apollo butterflies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien L. Condamine ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Sebastian Höhna ◽  
Felix A. H. Sperling ◽  
Isabel Sanmartín
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Positive Dependence ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractIn macroevolution, the Red Queen (RQ) model posits that biodiversity dynamics depend mainly on species-intrinsic biotic factors such as interactions among species or life-history traits, while the Court Jester (CJ) model states that extrinsic environmental abiotic factors have a stronger role. Until recently, a lack of relevant methodological approaches has prevented the unraveling of contributions from these two types of factors to the evolutionary history of a lineage. Here we take advantage of the rapid development of new macroevolution models that tie diversification rates to changes in paleoenvironmental (extrinsic) and/or biotic (intrinsic) factors. We inferred a robust and fully-sampled species-level phylogeny, as well as divergence times and ancestral geographic ranges, and related these to the radiation of Apollo butterflies (Parnassiinae) using both extant (molecular) and extinct (fossil/morphological) evidence. We tested whether their diversification dynamics are better explained by a RQ or CJ hypothesis, by assessing whether speciation and extinction were mediated by diversity-dependence (niche filling) and clade-dependent host-plant association (RQ) or by large-scale continuous changes in extrinsic factors such as climate or geology (CJ). For the RQ hypothesis, we found significant differences in speciation rates associated with different host-plants but detected no sign of diversity-dependence. For CJ, the role of Himalayan-Tibetan building was substantial for biogeography but not a driver of high speciation, while positive dependence between warm climate and speciation/extinction was supported by continuously varying maximum-likelihood models. We find that rather than a single factor, the joint effect of multiple factors (biogeography, species traits, environmental drivers, and mass extinction) is responsible for current diversity patterns, and that the same factor might act differently across clades, emphasizing the notion of opportunity. This study confirms the importance of the confluence of several factors rather than single explanations in modeling diversification within lineages.

scholarly journals Identifying environmental drivers of benthic diatom diversity: the case of Mediterranean mountain ponds

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Blanco ◽  
Adriana Olenici ◽  
Fernando Ortega ◽  
Francisco Jiménez-Gómez ◽  
Francisco Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Benthic Diatom ◽  
Temporary Ponds ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Significant Distance

This study aims at elucidating the environmental factors controlling benthic diatom diversity and uniqueness in Mediterranean mountain ponds. Samples of periphytic diatoms were collected in 45 ponds in Andalusia, south of Spain, and analysed by standard methods. Data analysis reveals that diatom diversity is mainly controlled by elevation and hydroperiod. Contrary to the usual findings in the literature, the highest scores on Shannon’s diversity index were found in high-elevation temporary ponds, but this effect is hidden by lake clustering in the analysed dataset. Significant distance-decay similarity (DDS) trends were detected in the analysis of floristic composition among the samples, stressing the importance of spatial factors that may override the effect of other abiotic factors. These findings highlight the role of isolation and dispersal limitation in the configuration of the biogeographical patterns of benthic diatoms.

scholarly journals Environmental Drivers of Diversification and Hybridization in Neotropical Butterflies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicol Rueda-M ◽  
Fabian C. Salgado-Roa ◽  
Carlos H. Gantiva-Q ◽  
Carolina Pardo-Díaz ◽  
Camilo Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Topographic Complexity ◽  
Geographic Patterns

Studying how the environment shapes current biodiversity patterns in species rich regions is a fundamental issue in biogeography, ecology, and conservation. However, in the Neotropics, the study of the forces driving species distribution and richness, is mostly based on vertebrates and plants. In this study, we used 54,392 georeferenced records for 46 species and 1,012 georeferenced records for 38 interspecific hybrids of the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies to investigate the role of the environment in shaping their distribution and richness, as well as their geographic patterns of phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism. We also evaluated whether niche similarity promotes hybridization in Heliconius. We found that these insects display five general distribution patterns mostly explained by precipitation and isothermality, and to a lesser extent, by altitude. Interestingly, altitude plays a major role as a predictor of species richness and phylogenetic diversity, while precipitation explains patterns of phylogenetic endemism. We did not find evidence supporting the role of the environment in facilitating hybridization because hybridizing species do not necessarily share the same climatic niche despite some of them having largely overlapping geographic distributions. Overall, we confirmed that, as in other organisms, high annual temperature, a constant supply of water, and spatio-topographic complexity are the main predictors of diversity in Heliconius. However, future studies at large scale need to investigate the effect of microclimate variables and ecological interactions.

The Role of Social Networking in Civilizational Development

2013 ◽  
pp. 1193-1217
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
World Government ◽  
Electronic Culture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This study defines the nature, scope, pace, and consequences of the rapid development of social networking in the 21st century. The impact of INFOCO systems upon civilizational development is investigated and predicted for the future. Such concepts as Global Virtual Society, Global Virtual Nation, Virtual Nation, Virtual Users, National Virtual Citizens, and Global Virtual Citizens are defined. Their electronic culture is defined, too. Finally some recommendations for further research are provided. In particular, the question of whether the concept of one world government is good or bad for mankind should be answered soon, in order to properly steer the further development of large-scale social networks.

scholarly journals Insights into toxic Prymnesium parvum blooms: the role of sugars and algal viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. Wagstaff ◽  
Edward S. Hems ◽  
Martin Rejzek ◽  
Jennifer Pratscher ◽  
Elliot Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Fish Kill ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Norfolk Broads

Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing microalga that causes harmful algal blooms globally, which often result in large-scale fish kills that have severe ecological and economic implications. Although many toxins have previously been isolated from P. parvum, ambiguity still surrounds the responsible ichthyotoxins in P. parvum blooms and the biotic and abiotic factors that promote bloom toxicity. A major fish kill attributed to P. parvum occurred in Spring 2015 on the Norfolk Broads, a low-lying set of channels and lakes (Broads) found on the East of England. Here, we discuss how water samples taken during this bloom have led to diverse scientific advances ranging from toxin analysis to discovery of a new lytic virus of P. parvum, P. parvum DNA virus (PpDNAV-BW1). Taking recent literature into account, we propose key roles for sialic acids in this type of viral infection. Finally, we discuss recent practical detection and management strategies for controlling these devastating blooms.

scholarly journals Testing the Role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as Drivers of the Macroevolution of Apollo Butterflies

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien L Condamine ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Sebastian Höhna ◽  
Felix A H Sperling ◽  
Isabel Sanmartín
Keyword(s):  
Red Queen ◽  
The Red Queen

The Role of Social Networking in Civilizational Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 226-251
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
World Government ◽  
Electronic Culture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This study defines the nature, scope, pace, and consequences of the rapid development of social networking in the 21st century. The impact of INFOCO systems upon civilizational development is investigated and predicted for the future. Such concepts as Global Virtual Society, Global Virtual Nation, Virtual Nation, Virtual Users, National Virtual Citizens, and Global Virtual Citizens are defined. Their electronic culture is defined, too. Finally some recommendations for further research are provided. In particular, the question of whether the concept of one world government is good or bad for mankind should be answered soon, in order to properly steer the further development of large-scale social networks.

scholarly journals Environmental drivers of body size evolution in crocodile-line archosaurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian T. Stockdale ◽  
Michael J. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Body Size Evolution

AbstractEver since Darwin, biologists have debated the relative roles of external and internal drivers of large-scale evolution. The distributions and ecology of living crocodilians are controlled by environmental factors such as temperature. Crocodilians have a rich history, including amphibious, marine and terrestrial forms spanning the past 247 Myr. It is uncertain whether their evolution has been driven by extrinsic factors, such as climate change and mass extinctions, or intrinsic factors like sexual selection and competition. Using a new phylogeny of crocodilians and their relatives, we model evolutionary rates using phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that body size evolution follows a punctuated, variable rate model of evolution, consistent with environmental drivers of evolution, with periods of stability interrupted by periods of change. Regression analyses show warmer environmental temperatures are associated with high evolutionary rates and large body sizes. We confirm that environmental factors played a significant role in the evolution of crocodiles.

scholarly journals The potential role of P.gingivalis in gastrointestinal cancer: a mini review

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-bo Liu ◽  
Zi-ye Gao ◽  
Chuan-tao Sun ◽  
Hui Wen ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Diagnosis Rate ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Bacterial infection may be involved in the entire process of tissue carcinogenesis by directly or indirectly affecting the occurrence and development of tumors. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is an important pathogen causing periodontitis. Periodontitis may promote the occurrence of various tumors. Gastrointestinal tumors are common malignant tumors with high morbidity, high mortality, and low early diagnosis rate. With the rapid development of molecularbiotechnology, the role of P.gingivalis in digestive tract tumors has been increasingly explored. This article reviews the correlation between P.gingivalis and gastrointestinal cancer and the pathogenesis of the latter. The relationship among P.gingivalis, periodontal disease, and digestive tract tumors must be clarifiedthrough a multi-center, prospective, large-scale study.

A Rapid Switching Technology of IP Data Packet Based on Multi-Protocol

2014 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Guo Fang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Data Packet ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Label Switching ◽  
Switching Speed ◽  
Internet Server ◽  
Switching Path ◽  
Rapid Switching

The rapid development of network raise the role of WAN. As a large-scale backbone network, the failure of network components can lead to huge loss of data and revenue. How to improve the data switching speed and Quality of Service of network data is more and more important problem which Internet Server Provides cared. Multi-Protocol Lable Switching (MPLS) is a new WAN technology which is currently being standardized by IETF. This paper analysise the architecture of MPLS and describe the mechanism of label switching protocol. In addition, this study analyses the encapsulation of data packet at the Label Switching Routers which is on the boundary of MPLS network. A Label Switching Path (LSP) is built by Label Distribute Protocol in core network. A conclution of “one time routed, more times switching” routed was reached.

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