scholarly journals Maternal depression and child behaviours: sex-dependent mediation by glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation in a longitudinal study from pregnancy to age 5 years

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
Nicola Wright ◽  
John P Quinn ◽  
Chris Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Female Fetus ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ◽  
Depressed Symptoms

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvolutionary hypotheses predict that male fetuses are more vulnerable to poor maternal conditions than females (Sex-biased Maternal Investment), but that the adaptive female fetus, with a more responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is put at later risk of glucocorticoid mediated disorders where there is a mismatch between fetal and postnatal environments (Predictive Adaptive Response). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal depression and maternal report of child anxious depressed symptoms at 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years were obtained from an ‘extensive’ sample of first time mothers recruited from the general population (N = 794). Salivary NR3C1 1-F promoter methylation was assayed at 14 months in an ‘intensive’ subsample (N = 176) stratified during pregnancy by psychosocial risk. Generalised structural equation models (SEM) were fitted and estimated by maximum likelihood to allow inclusion of participants from both intensive and extensive samples.ResultsPostnatal depression was associated with NR3C1 methylation and with anxious-depressed symptoms in the daughters of mothers lacking the hypothesised protective effect of high prenatal depression (prenatal-postnatal depression interaction for methylation, p =.00001; for child symptoms, p = .011). In girls, NR3C1 methylation mediated the association between maternal depression and child anxious-depressed symptoms. The effects were greater in girls than boys, and the test of the sex differences in the effect of the prenatal-postnatal depression interaction on both outcomes gave χ2(2) = 5.95 (p=.051).ConclusionsThis is the first study to show in humans that, as a result of sex-biased reproductive investment and fetal adaptation, epigenetic and early behavioural outcomes may arise through different mechanisms in males and females. Epigenetic effects at the NR3C1 promoter mediated mismatch between prenatal and postnatal maternal conditions and child anxious-depressed symptoms, specifically in females.

scholarly journals Mismatched Prenatal and Postnatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Behaviours: A Sex-Dependent Role for NR3C1 DNA Methylation in the Wirral Child Health and Development Study

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
Nicola Wright ◽  
John P. Quinn ◽  
Chris Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Predictive Adaptive Response ◽  
First Time ◽  
Depressed Symptoms

Evolutionary hypotheses predict that male fetuses are more vulnerable to poor maternal conditions (Sex-biased Maternal Investment), but female fetuses are at greater risk of glucocorticoid-mediated disorders where there is a mismatch between fetal and postnatal environments (Predictive Adaptive Response). Self-reported prenatal and postnatal depression and maternal report of child anxious-depressed symptoms at 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years were obtained from an ‘extensive’ sample of first-time mothers (N = 794). Salivary NR3C1 1-F promoter methylation was assayed at 14 months in an ‘intensive’ subsample (n = 176) and stratified by psychosocial risk. Generalised structural equation models were fitted and estimated by maximum likelihood to allow the inclusion of participants from both intensive and extensive samples. Postnatal depression was associated with NR3C1 methylation and anxious-depressed symptoms in daughters of mothers with low prenatal depression (prenatal-postnatal depression interaction for methylation, p < 0.001; for child symptoms, p = 0.011). In girls, NR3C1 methylation mediated the association between maternal depression and child anxious-depressed symptoms. The effects were greater in girls than boys: the test of sex differences in the effect of the prenatal-postnatal depression interaction on both outcomes gave X2 (2) = 5.95 (p = 0.051). This was the first human study to show that epigenetic and early behavioural outcomes may arise through different mechanisms in males and females.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

scholarly journals Self-esteem, social comparison, and Facebook use

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Bergagna ◽  
Stefano Tartaglia
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Facebook Use ◽  
The Individual

Facebook use is very popular among young people, but many open issues remain regarding the individual traits that are antecedents of different behaviours enacted online. This study aimed to investigate whether the relationship between self-esteem and the amount of time on Facebook could be mediated by a tendency towards social comparison. Moreover, three different modalities of Facebook use were distinguished, i.e., social interaction, simulation, and search for relations. Because of gender differences in technology use and social comparison, the mediation models were tested separately for males and females. Data were collected by means of a self-report questionnaire with a sample of 250 undergraduate and graduate Italian students (mean age: 22.18 years). The relations were examined empirically by means of four structural equation models. The results revealed the role of orientation to social comparison in mediating the relations between low self-esteem and some indicators of Facebook use, i.e., daily hours on Facebook and the use of Facebook for simulation. For females, the use of Facebook for social interaction was directly influenced by high self-esteem and indirectly influenced by low self-esteem. Globally, the dimension of social comparison on Facebook emerged as more important for females than for males.

scholarly journals Ship leadership, situation awareness and crew safety behavior - Pre-registered replications in two survey datasets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn Sætrevik ◽  
Sigurd William Hystad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Safety Work ◽  
Subjective Risk

Situation awareness is often assumed to be central for safety work. A self-reported measure can measure context-general situation awareness in large datasets and test its relationships with other variables relevant for safety. A previous study (Sætrevik and Hystad, 2017, Safety Science) found that authentic leadership predicted situation awareness and self-report of committing unsafe actions. Additionally, situation awareness predicted subjective risk assessment and committing unsafe actions. The current study performed pre-registered analyzes that attempted to replicate these effects in two novel survey datasets. Both datasets replicated the associations between situation awareness and unsafe actions, and between situation awareness and subjective risk assessment. The dataset that measured leadership found it to be associated with both situation awareness and unsafe actions. The pre-registered structural equation models explained large amounts of the variance in situation awareness and unsafe actions, and medium to large amounts of the variance in subjective risk assessment. We also tested adjusted models that incorporated more of the measured items and improved the validity of the measures. The study also supports the claim that a crew member’s cognitive states are associated with safety outcomes, and that leadership qualities may facilitate this relationship. This pre-registered replication in two novel datasets demonstrates the reliability of the previously identified relationships.

scholarly journals Bidirectional pathways between psychosocial risk factors and paranoid ideation in a general nonclinical population

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Aino Saarinen ◽  
Niklas Granö ◽  
Mirka Hintsanen ◽  
Terho Lehtimäki ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Paranoid Ideation ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions ◽  
Predictive Relationships

Abstract We investigated (a) whether psychosocial factors (experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, sleeping disturbances, alcohol use) predict the course of paranoid ideation between the ages of 24 to 50 years and (b) whether the predictive relationships are more likely to proceed from the psychosocial factors to paranoid ideation, or vice versa. The participants (N = 1534–1553) came from the population-based Young Finns study. Paranoid ideation and psychosocial factors were assessed by reliable self-report questionnaires in 2001, 2007, and 2011/2012. The data were analyzed using growth curve and structural equation models. High experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, frequent sleeping disturbances, and frequent alcohol use predicted more paranoid ideation. More risk factors predicted increasing paranoid ideation. There were bidirectional predictive relationships of paranoid ideation with experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, and sleeping disturbances. The link between alcohol use and paranoid ideation was only correlative. In conclusion, paranoid ideation increases by reciprocal interactions with stress, worry, social detachment, and sleeping disturbances. The findings support the threat–anticipation model of paranoid ideation, providing important implications for treatment of paranoia.

scholarly journals Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. e560-e560 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Murgatroyd ◽  
J P Quinn ◽  
H M Sharp ◽  
A Pickles ◽  
J Hill
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

scholarly journals Identity-Related Factors Protect Well-Being Against Stigma for Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matthew Doyle ◽  
Christopher T. Begeny ◽  
Manuela Barreto ◽  
Thomas A. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Individual Self

AbstractRelatively little is known about identity-related resilience factors associated with well-being among transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) people. Drawing upon theory on stigma-related stress and resilience and work examining group identification as a buffer against discrimination, the aim of the current study was to model perceived discrimination, transgender identification, and gender identity affirmation as predictors of well-being for TGNC people. We also tested whether the positive association between gender identity affirmation and well-being might be explained by the benefits affirmation has for individual self-concept clarity. Participants were 105 TGNC individuals (42% transgender male, 39% transgender female, 19% other gender non-conforming [e.g., non-binary]) recruited through online forums and support groups in the UK and North America who completed an online survey including self-report measures of key constructs. Results from structural equation models demonstrated that: (1) experiences of discrimination were associated with lower well-being overall, but having a stronger transgender identity moderated this association; (2) after adjustment for discrimination and transgender identification, experiences of gender identity affirmation were independently associated with greater well-being for TGNC people. Secondary analyses demonstrated that gender identity affirmation was linked to well-being through reinforcing a strong, internalized sense of clarity about individual self-concept. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for TGNC health and well-being, particularly with regard to the need for supportive, identity-affirming social environments.

scholarly journals Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses

Epigenetics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim F. Oberlander ◽  
Joanne Weinberg ◽  
Michael Papsdorf ◽  
Ruth Grunau ◽  
Shaila Misri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

scholarly journals Trait Self-Control and Self-Discipline: Structure, Validity, and Invariance Across National Groups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Hagger ◽  
Eva-Maria Kangro ◽  
Francis Ries ◽  
John C. K. Wang ◽  
Brody Heritage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples

The aim of the present study was to test the validity of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister and Boone 2004) including its dimensional structure based on competing one- and two-factor models, discriminant validity from the conceptually-related self-discipline construct, invariance across multiple samples from different national groups, and predictive validity with respect to health-related behaviors. Samples of undergraduate students (total N = 1282) from four national groups completed the brief self-control scale, the self-discipline scale from the NEO-PI-R, and self-report measures of binge drinking, exercise, and healthy eating. Confirmatory factor analytic models supported a two-factor structure of self-control encompassing restraint and non-impulsivity components. The model exhibited good fit in all samples and invariance of factor loadings in multi-sample analysis. The restraint and non-impulsivity components exhibited discriminant validity and were also distinct from self-discipline. Structural equation models revealed that non-impulsivity predicted binge drinking in three of the samples, and restraint predicted exercise in two samples, with no role for self-discipline. Results point to a multi-dimensional structure for trait self-control consistent with previous theory separating impulsive- and control-related components.

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