scholarly journals Nutrient stoichiometry shapes microbial coevolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L. Larsen ◽  
Steven W. Wilhelm ◽  
Jay T. Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Nutrient Stoichiometry ◽  
P Limitation ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Host Parasite

ABSTRACTCoevolution is a force contributing to the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. It is influenced by environmental conditions including the scarcity of essential resources, which can drive the evolution of defense and virulence traits. We conducted a long-term chemostat experiment where the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus was challenged with a lytic phage under nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) limitation. This manipulation of nutrient stoichiometry altered the stability of host-parasite interactions and the underlying mode of coevolution. By assessing infectivity with >18,000 pairwise challenges, we documented directional selection for increased phage resistance, consistent with arms-race dynamics while phage infectivity fluctuated through time, as expected when coevolution is driven by negative frequency-dependent selection. The resulting infection networks were 50 % less modular under N-versus P-limitation reflecting host-range contraction and asymmetric coevolutionary trajectories. Nutrient stoichiometry affects eco-evolutionary feedbacks in ways that may alter the dynamics and functioning of environmental and host-associated microbial communities.

Living with Two Genomes: Grafting and Its Implications for Plant Genome-to-Genome Interactions, Phenotypic Variation, and Evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon S. Gaut ◽  
Allison J. Miller ◽  
Danelle K. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Artificial Grafts ◽  
Genome Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Plant genomes interact when genetically distinct individuals join, or are joined, together. Individuals can fuse in three contexts: artificial grafts, natural grafts, and host–parasite interactions. Artificial grafts have been studied for decades and are important platforms for studying the movement of RNA, DNA, and protein. Yet several mysteries about artificial grafts remain, including the factors that contribute to graft incompatibility, the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic modifications caused by exchanges between graft partners, and the long-term effects of these modifications on phenotype. Host–parasite interactions also lead to the exchange of materials, and RNA exchange actively contributes to an ongoing arms race between parasite virulence and host resistance. Little is known about natural grafts except that they can be frequent and may provide opportunities for evolutionary innovation through genome exchange. In this review, we survey our current understanding about these three mechanisms of contact, the genomic interactions that result, and the potential evolutionary implications.

Generation of Murine Growth Factor-Dependent Long-Term Dendritic Cell Lines to Investigate Host-Parasite Interactions

2009 ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mortellaro ◽  
Matteo Urbano ◽  
Stefania Citterio ◽  
Maria Foti ◽  
Francesca Granucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Identification of an ancient endogenous retrovirus, predating the divergence of the placental mammals

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1626) ◽  
pp. 20120503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lee ◽  
Alison Nolan ◽  
Jason Watson ◽  
Michael Tristem
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

The evolutionary arms race between mammals and retroviruses has long been recognized as one of the oldest host–parasite interactions. Rapid evolution rates in exogenous retroviruses have often made accurate viral age estimations highly problematic. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), however, integrate into the germline of their hosts, and are subjected to their evolutionary rates. This study describes, for the first time, a retroviral orthologue predating the divergence of placental mammals, giving it a minimum age of 104–110 Myr. Simultaneously, other orthologous selfish genetic elements (SGEs), inserted into the ERV sequence, provide evidence for the oldest individual mammalian-wide interspersed repeat and medium-reiteration frequency interspersed repeat mammalian repeats, with the same minimum age. The combined use of shared SGEs and reconstruction of viral orthologies defines new limits and increases maximum ‘lookback’ times, with subsequent implications for the field of paleovirology.

scholarly journals Evolutionary epidemiology of a zoonosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia I Corsi ◽  
Swapnil Tichkule ◽  
Anna Rosa Sannella ◽  
Paolo Vatta ◽  
Francesco Asnicar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Population Admixture ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Host Parasite

Cryptosporidium parvum is a global zoonoses and a major cause of diarrhoea in humans and ruminants. The parasite's life cycle comprises an obligatory sexual phase, during which genetic exchanges can occur between previously isolated lineages. Here, we compare 32 whole genome sequences from human- and ruminant-derived parasite isolates collected across Europe, Egypt and China. We identify three strongly supported clusters that comprise a mix of isolates from different host species, geographic origins, and subtypes. We show that: (1) recombination occurs between ruminant isolates into human isolates; (2) these recombinant regions can be passed on to other human subtypes through gene flow and population admixture; (3) there have been multiple genetic exchanges, and all are likely recent; (4) putative virulence genes are significantly enriched within these genetic exchanges, and (5) this results in an increase in their nucleotide diversity. We carefully dissect the phylogenetic sequence of two genetic exchanges, illustrating the long-term evolutionary consequences of these events. Our results suggest that increased globalisation and close human-animal contacts increase the opportunity for genetic exchanges between previously isolated parasite lineages, resulting in spillover and spillback events. We discuss how this can provide a novel substrate for natural selection at genes involved in host-parasite interactions, thereby potentially altering the dynamic coevolutionary equilibrium in the Red Queens arms race.

scholarly journals Migration promotes plasmid stability under spatially heterogeneous positive selection

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1879) ◽  
pp. 20180324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie Harrison ◽  
James P. J. Hall ◽  
Michael A. Brockhurst
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Plasmid Stability ◽  
Mercury Resistance ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Compensatory Evolution ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Compensatory Mutations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Stability

Bacteria–plasmid associations can be mutualistic or antagonistic depending on the strength of positive selection for plasmid-encoded genes, with contrasting outcomes for plasmid stability. In mutualistic environments, plasmids are swept to high frequency by positive selection, increasing the likelihood of compensatory evolution to ameliorate the plasmid cost, which promotes long-term stability. In antagonistic environments, plasmids are purged by negative selection, reducing the probability of compensatory evolution and driving their extinction. Here we show, using experimental evolution of Pseudomonas fluorescens and the mercury-resistance plasmid, pQBR103, that migration promotes plasmid stability in spatially heterogeneous selection environments. Specifically, migration from mutualistic environments, by increasing both the frequency of the plasmid and the supply of compensatory mutations, stabilized plasmids in antagonistic environments where, without migration, they approached extinction. These data suggest that spatially heterogeneous positive selection, which is common in natural environments, coupled with migration helps to explain the stability of plasmids and the ecologically important genes that they encode.

scholarly journals Emergence and diversification of a host-parasite RNA ecosystem through Darwinian evolution

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Furubayashi ◽  
Kensuke Ueda ◽  
Yohsuke Bansho ◽  
Daisuke Motooka ◽  
Shota Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Prebiotic Evolution ◽  
Clonal Population ◽  
Replication Errors ◽  
Replication Experiment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Host Parasite

In prebiotic evolution, molecular self-replicators are considered to develop into diverse, complex living organisms. The appearance of parasitic replicators is believed inevitable in this process. However, the role of parasitic replicators in prebiotic evolution remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated experimental coevolution of RNA self-replicators (host RNAs) and emerging parasitic replicators (parasitic RNAs) using an RNA-protein replication system we developed. During a long-term replication experiment, a clonal population of the host RNA turned into an evolving host-parasite ecosystem through the continuous emergence of new types of host and parasitic RNAs produced by replication errors. The host and parasitic RNAs diversified into at least two and three different lineages, respectively, and they exhibited evolutionary arms-race dynamics. The parasitic RNA accumulated unique mutations, thus adding a new genetic variation to the whole replicator ensemble. These results provide the first experimental evidence that the coevolutionary interplay between host-parasite molecules plays a key role in generating diversity and complexity in prebiotic molecular evolution.

scholarly journals Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea): an ideal fish-metazoan parasite model?

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. HOOLE ◽  
V. CARTER ◽  
S. DUFOUR
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Ligula Intestinalis ◽  
Metazoan Parasite ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Scientific Tool

SUMMARYSince its use as a model to study metazoan parasite culture and in vitro development, the plerocercoid of the tapeworm, Ligula intestinalis, has served as a useful scientific tool to study a range of biological factors, particularly within its fish intermediate host. From the extensive long-term ecological studies on the interactions between the parasite and cyprinid hosts, to the recent advances made using molecular technology on parasite diversity and speciation, studies on the parasite have, over the last 60 years, led to significant advances in knowledge on host-parasite interactions. The parasite has served as a useful model to study pollution, immunology and parasite ecology and genetics, as well has being the archetypal endocrine disruptor.

scholarly journals The implications of immunopathology for parasite evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3234-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Gráinne Long ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Individual Disease

By definition, parasites harm their hosts, but in many infections much of the pathology is driven by the host immune response rather than through direct damage inflicted by parasites. While these immunopathological effects are often well studied and understood mechanistically in individual disease interactions, there remains relatively little understanding of their broader impact on the evolution of parasites and their hosts. Here, we theoretically investigate the implications of immunopathology, broadly defined as additional mortality associated with the host's immune response, on parasite evolution. In particular, we examine how immunopathology acting on different epidemiological traits (namely transmission, virulence and recovery) affects the evolution of disease severity. When immunopathology is costly to parasites, such that it reduces their fitness, for example by decreasing transmission, there is always selection for increased disease severity. However, we highlight a number of host–parasite interactions where the parasite may benefit from immunopathology, and highlight scenarios that may lead to the evolution of slower growing parasites and potentially reduced disease severity. Importantly, we find that conclusions on disease severity are highly dependent on how severity is measured. Finally, we discuss the effect of treatments used to combat disease symptoms caused by immunopathology.

scholarly journals Long‐term dynamics in local host–parasite interactions linked to regional population trends

Ecosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary S. Ladin ◽  
Vincent D'Amico ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Roland R. Roth ◽  
W. Gregory Shriver
Keyword(s):  
Population Trends ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals What Can Phages Tell Us about Host-Pathogen Coevolution?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Gene Model ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Abiotic Interactions

The outcomes of host-parasite interactions depend on the coevolutionary forces acting upon them, but because every host-parasite relation is enmeshed in a web of biotic and abiotic interactions across a heterogeneous landscape, host-parasite coevolution has proven difficult to study. Simple laboratory phage-bacteria microcosms can ameliorate this difficulty by allowing controlled, well-replicated experiments with a limited number of interactors. Genetic, population, and life history data obtained from these studies permit a closer examination of the fundamental correlates of host-parasite coevolution. In this paper, I describe the results of phage-bacteria coevolutionary studies and their implications for the study of host-parasite coevolution. Recent experimental studies have confirmed phage-host coevolutionary dynamics in the laboratory and have shown that coevolution can increase parasite virulence, specialization, adaptation, and diversity. Genetically, coevolution frequently proceeds in a manner best described by the Gene for Gene model, typified by arms race dynamics, but certain contexts can result in Red Queen dynamics according to the Matching Alleles model. Although some features appear to apply only to phage-bacteria systems, other results are broadly generalizable and apply to all instances of antagonistic coevolution. With laboratory host-parasite coevolutionary studies, we can better understand the perplexing array of interactions that characterize organismal diversity in the wild.

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