scholarly journals Flavonol rhamnosylation indirectly modifies the cell wall defects of RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 mutants by altering rhamnose flux

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Saffer ◽  
Vivian F. Irish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRhamnose is required in Arabidopsis thaliana for synthesizing pectic polysaccharides and glycosylating flavonols. RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 (RHM1) encodes a UDP-L-rhamnose synthase, and rhm1 mutants exhibit many developmental defects, including short root hairs, hyponastic cotyledons, and left-handed helically twisted petals and roots. It has been proposed that the hyponastic cotyledons observed in rhm1 mutants are a consequence of abnormal flavonol glycosylation, while the root hair defect is flavonol-independent. We have recently shown that the helical twisting of rhm1 petals results from decreased levels of rhamnose-containing cell wall polymers. In this work, we find that flavonols indirectly modify the rhm1 helical petal phenotype by altering rhamnose flux to the cell wall. Given this finding, we further investigated the relationship between flavonols and the cell wall in rhm1 cotyledons. We show that decreased flavonol rhamnosylation is not responsible for the cotyledon phenotype of rhm1 mutants. Instead, flavonols provide a large reservoir of rhamnose, and blocking flavonol synthesis or rhamnosylation can suppress rhm1 defects by diverting rhamnose to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, rhamnose is required in the cell wall for normal expansion of cotyledon epidermal cells. Our findings suggest a broad role for rhamnose-containing cell wall polysaccharides in the morphogenesis of epidermal cells.

scholarly journals Cell-wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins of parenchymatous tissues of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ryden ◽  
R R Selvendran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Runner Bean ◽  
Cellulose Residue

1. Polymers were solubilized from the cell walls of parenchyma from mature runner-bean pods with minimum degradation by successive extractions with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-NNN′N′-tetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3 and KOH to leave the alpha-cellulose residue, which contained cross-linked pectic polysaccharides and Hyp-rich glycoproteins. These were solubilized with chlorite/acetic acid and cellulase. The polymers were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and fractions were subjected to methylation analysis. 2. The pectic polysaccharides differed in their ease of extraction, and a small proportion were highly cross-linked. The bulk of the pectic polysaccharides solubilized by CDTA and Na2CO3 were less branched than those solubilized by KOH. There was good evidence that most of the pectic polysaccharides were not degraded during extraction. 3. The protein-containing fractions included Hyp-rich and Hyp-poor glycoproteins associated with easily extractable pectic polysaccharides, Hyp-rich glycoproteins solubilized with 4M-KOH+borate, the bulk of which were not associated with pectic polysaccharides, and highly cross-linked Hyp-rich glycoproteins. 4. Isodityrosine was not detected, suggesting that it does not have a (major) cross-linking role in these walls. Instead, it is suggested that phenolics, presumably linked to C-5 of 3,5-linked Araf residues of Hyp-rich glycoproteins, serve to cross-link some of the polymers. 5. There were two main types of xyloglucan, with different degrees of branching. The bulk of the less branched xyloglucans were solubilized by more-concentrated alkali. The anomeric configurations of the sugars in one of the highly branched xyloglucans were determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. 6. The structural features of the cell-wall polymers and complexes are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchyma tissues.

scholarly journals Modification of Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Drying Process Affects Texture Properties of Apple Chips

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xiao ◽  
Jianyong Yi ◽  
Jinfeng Bi ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Jian Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Rehydration Ratio ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

The influences of hot air drying (AD), medium- and short-wave infrared drying (IR), instant controlled pressure drop drying (DIC), and vacuum freeze drying (FD) on cell wall polysaccharide modification were studied, and the relationship between the modifications and texture properties was analyzed. The results showed that the DIC treated apple chips exhibited the highest crispness (92) and excellent honeycomb-like structure among all the dried samples, whereas the FD dried apple chips had low crispness (10), the minimum hardness (17.4 N), and the highest volume ratio (0.76) and rehydration ratio (7.55). Remarkable decreases in the contents of total galacturonic acid and the amounts of water extractable pectin (WEP) were found in all the dried apple chips as compared with the fresh materials. The highest retention of WEP fraction (102.7 mg/g AIR) was observed in the FD dried apple chips, which may lead to a low structural rigidity and may be partially responsible for the lower hardness of the FD apple chips. In addition, the crispness of the apple chips obtained by DIC treatment, as well as AD and IR at 90°C, was higher than that of the samples obtained from the other drying processes, which might be due to the severe degradation of pectic polysaccharides, considering the results of the amounts of pectic fractions, the molar mass distribution, and concentrations of the WEP fractions. Overall, the data suggested that the modifications of pectic polysaccharides of apple chips, including the amount of the pectic fractions and their structural characteristics and the extent of degradation, significantly affect the texture of apple chips.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Constituents of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Hardness of Brined Ume Fruit.

1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 692-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikao OTOGURO ◽  
Sachiko ODAKE ◽  
Kentaro KANEKO ◽  
Yoshifumi AMANO
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Coffee carbohydrates

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Redgwell ◽  
Monica Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

This review summarises recent advances in the chemistry, physiology and molecular properties of coffee carbohydrates with a particular focus on the cell wall polysaccharides. The results of detailed chemical studies have demonstrated novel structural features of both the galactomannans and the arabinogalactan polysaccharides of the green and roasted coffee bean. For the first time immunological probes based on monoclonal antibodies for specific polysaccharide epitopes were used to reveal the patterns of distribution of the galactomannans, arabinogalactans and pectic polysaccharides in the coffee bean cell wall. Finally, the results of physiological and molecular studies are presented which emphasise the growing awareness of the potential role the metabolic status of the green bean may play in final coffee beverage quality.

scholarly journals Relationship between Texture and Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Fruit Flesh in Various Species of Citrus

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Muramatsu ◽  
Toshio Takahara ◽  
Kiyohide Kojima ◽  
Tatsushi Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
Polysaccharide Composition ◽  
The Relationship

Various species and cultivars of citrus were studied to determine the relationship between texture and cell wall polysaccharide content of fruit flesh. Among those tested cultivars, navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and hassaku (C. hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) were firmest, `Fukuhara orange' (C. sinensis Osbeck) was intermediate, and satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc.) was softest. There was a 3-fold difference in firmness among the 12 citrus cultigens measured. Cohesiveness values ranged from 0.30 to 0.49 and were not correlated with fruit firmness. Sugar content in each cell wall fraction was highest in the water and EDTA fractions, followed by the hemicellulose fraction, and was lowest in the cellulose fraction. Correlation coefficients between firmness and sugar content ranged from 0.69 to 0.88 and were highest in the cellulose fraction. This study suggests that firmness of fruit flesh among the cultigens is influenced by cell wall polysaccharide composition. Chemical name used: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Infection process and sloughing off of rhizobial outer membrane in effective nodules of lima bean

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 890-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arya K. Bal ◽  
Peter P. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Lima Beans ◽  
Membrane Cell ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

In addition to infection via root hairs, infection threads originating in epidermal cells after colonization of epidermis have been clearly demonstrated in lima beans infected with Rhizobium sp. 127E15, and this double mode of infection possibly accounts for profuse nodulation of the roots. Sloughing off of the outer membrane (cell wall) was detected after release of rhizobia during bacteroid differentiation in effective nodules.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Modifications in Giant Cells Induced by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Wild-Type (Col-0) and the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana Katanin Mutant

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christianna Meidani ◽  
Nikoletta G. Ntalli ◽  
Eleni Giannoutsou ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Feeding Site

Meloidogyne incognita is a root knot nematode (RKN) species which is among the most notoriously unmanageable crop pests with a wide host range. It inhabits plants and induces unique feeding site structures within host roots, known as giant cells (GCs). The cell walls of the GCs undergo the process of both thickening and loosening to allow expansion and finally support nutrient uptake by the nematode. In this study, a comparative in situ analysis of cell wall polysaccharides in the GCs of wild-type Col-0 and the microtubule-defective fra2 katanin mutant, both infected with M. incognita has been carried out. The fra2 mutant had an increased infection rate. Moreover, fra2 roots exhibited a differential pectin and hemicellulose distribution when compared to Col-0 probably mirroring the fra2 root developmental defects. Features of fra2 GC walls include the presence of high-esterified pectic homogalacturonan and pectic arabinan, possibly to compensate for the reduced levels of callose, which was omnipresent in GCs of Col-0. Katanin severing of microtubules seems important in plant defense against M. incognita, with the nematode, however, to be nonchalant about this “katanin deficiency” and eventually induce the necessary GC cell wall modifications to establish a feeding site.

scholarly journals Changes in pectins of the Xylopodium of Ocimum nudicaule from dormancy to sprouting

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Regina Braga ◽  
Nicholas C. Carpita ◽  
Sonia M. C. Dietrich ◽  
Rita de Cássia L. Figueiredo-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharide ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Extension ◽  
Phenological Phases

The thickened underground organ of Ocimum nudicaule is a tuber-like structure (xylopodium) that is dormant in winter and sprouts at the beginning of the spring. Changes in content of cell wall polysaccharides were shown to occur from dormancy to sprouting. Pectic polysaccharides of O. nudicaule were analyzed in relation to composition, molecular mass, and linkage structure in these two phenological phases. The pectin content was 33 % lower during sprouting when compared to dormancy. Changes were also observed in the molecular mass of the pectin fraction from dormancy to sprouting. Galacturonic acid was the predominant sugar, suggesting the presence of a homogalacturonan as the main pectic polysaccharide. A decrease in the acidic polysaccharides, homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonan I, equally accounted for the decrease in the pectin composition upon sprouting. These acidic carbohydrates were predominantly detected in the cell walls of the phellogen region of the xylopodium, suggesting catabolism of the cell walls of this tissue during bud flushing. These results suggest that variations in the content and in the molecular mass of pectins, in addition to changes in their composition and structure could be related to storage function as well as cell wall extension growth, both required for the sprouting of new buds in the xylopodium of O. nudicaule.

Secretion of cell wall polysaccharides in Vicia root hairs

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Janine Sherrier ◽  
Kathryn A. VandenBosch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document