scholarly journals Zinc availability modulates plant growth and immune responses via AZI1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bouain ◽  
Santosh B. Satbhai ◽  
Chorpet Saenchai ◽  
Guilhem Desbrosses ◽  
Pierre Berthomieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractZinc is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms and is involved in a plethora of processes including growth and development, and immunity. However, it is unknown if there is a common genetic and molecular basis underlying multiple facets of zinc function. Here we used natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana to study the role of zinc in regulating growth. We identify allelic variation of the systemic immunity gene AZI1 as a key for determining root growth responses to low zinc conditions. We further demonstrate that this gene is important for modulating root growth depending on the zinc and defence status. Finally, we show that the interaction of the immunity signal azelaic acid and zinc level to regulate root growth is conserved in rice. This work demonstrates that there is a common genetic and molecular basis for multiple zinc dependent processes and that nutrient cues can determine the balance of plant growth and immune responses in plants.

Ten-year growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings treated with plant growth regulating substances at transplant

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1778-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
C F Scagel ◽  
R G Linderman ◽  
R K Scagel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
The Cost

Commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention gels, applied to the roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) before planting, can modify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in roots, root growth responses, and tree survival. We treated two different 1+0 stock types (PSB313B and PSB323) of Douglas-fir with indole-butyric acid (IBA), ethephon (Ethrel®), alginate, or a combination of IBA and alginate. New root growth and IAA levels in roots were measured 2 weeks after planting, and aboveground growth and tree survival were monitored over 10 growing seasons after planting. Treatment with IBA or the combination of IBA and alginate increased IAA conjugate and free IAA levels in roots, root growth, and tree survival. Alginate treatment alone increased new root growth and tree survival, but did not increase free IAA levels in roots. Ethrel® treatment increased free IAA levels and root growth, but had no effect on IAA conjugates or tree survival. A cost analysis suggests that use of certain PGRs or alginate decreases the cost required to attain target stocking and increased tree size. Our results suggest that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of Douglas-fir before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and tree survival.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species Link Gene Regulatory Networks During Arabidopsis Root Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Mase ◽  
Hironaka Tsukagoshi
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Oxygen Species

Plant development under altered nutritional status and environmental conditions and during attack from invaders is highly regulated by plant hormones at the molecular level by various signaling pathways. Previously, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were believed to be harmful as they cause oxidative damage to cells; however, in the last decade, the essential role of ROS as signaling molecules regulating plant growth has been revealed. Plant roots accumulate relatively high levels of ROS, and thus, maintaining ROS homeostasis, which has been shown to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation at the root tip, is important for proper root growth. However, when the balance is disturbed, plants are unable to respond to the changes in the surrounding conditions and cannot grow and survive. Moreover, ROS control cell expansion and cell differentiation processes such as root hair formation and lateral root development. In these processes, the transcription factor-mediated gene expression network is important downstream of ROS. Although ROS can independently regulate root growth to some extent, a complex crosstalk occurs between ROS and other signaling molecules. Hormone signals are known to regulate root growth, and ROS are thought to merge with these signals. In fact, the crosstalk between ROS and these hormones has been elucidated, and the central transcription factors that act as a hub between these signals have been identified. In addition, ROS are known to act as important signaling factors in plant immune responses; however, how they also regulate plant growth is not clear. Recent studies have strongly indicated that ROS link these two events. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of ROS signaling in root development, with a particular focus on transcriptional regulation. We also summarize the crosstalk with other signals and discuss the importance of ROS as signaling molecules for plant root development.

Autophagy in health and disease. 1. Regulation and significance of autophagy: an overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. C776-C785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mehrpour ◽  
Audrey Esclatine ◽  
Isabelle Beau ◽  
Patrice Codogno
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuole ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Health And Disease

Macroautophagy is a vacuolar degradation pathway that terminates in the lysosomal compartment after formation of a cytoplasmic vacuole or autophagosome that engulfs macromolecules and organelles. The identification of ATG (autophagy-related) genes that are involved in the formation of autophagosomes has greatly increased our knowledge of the molecular basis of macroautophagy, and its roles in cell function, which extend far beyond degradation and quality control of the cytoplasm. Macroautophagy, which plays a major role in tissue homeostasis, is now recognized as contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, several mediators of apoptosis have been shown to control macroautophagy. Deciphering the cross talk between macroautophagy and apoptosis probably should help increase understanding of the role of macroautophagy in human disease and is likely to be of therapeutic importance.

Evaluation of the differential osmotic adjustments between roots and leaves of maize seedlings with single or combined NPK-nutrient supply

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Studer ◽  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Turgor Maintenance

Many physiological mechanisms associated with nutrient supply have been implicated as improving plant growth under drought conditions. However, benefits to plant growth under drought might derive from an increased recovery of soil water through osmotic adjustment in the shoots and especially in the roots. Thus, experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the nutrients N, P and K applied singly or in combination, on the osmotic adjustment and turgor maintenance in the roots and leaves of maize seedlings. The seedlings were harvested between 18 and 37 days after sowing according to the soil matric threshold potentials. Soil matric potentials and shoot and root biomass were determined at harvest. Turgor pressure and osmotic adjustment of the leaves and roots were estimated by measurements of their water and osmotic potentials. Results showed that plants with either of the combined fertilisation treatments NPK or NP grew faster at a given level of drought stress than those with no fertilisation, N, P or K applied individually or the combined nutrient treatments PK and NK. Among the fertiliser applications with either a single or two combined nutrients, plants treated with any of N, P or NP grew faster than those with either K or NK. The association between the interactive effects of nutrients and drought stress on the osmotic adjustment and turgor maintenance in roots may partially explain the role of nutrients in drought tolerance of maize seedlings. In particular, the roots exhibited a higher osmotic adjustment than the leaves for all nutrient treatments, suggesting that shoot growth shows a higher sensitivity to water deficit compared to root growth. We conclude that the maintained turgor of roots under drought stress obtained with an optimal nutrient supply results in better root growth and apparently promotes overall plant growth, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is an adaptation not only for surviving stress, but also for growth under such conditions.

scholarly journals 991 REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES TO LOW SOIL WATER POTENTIALS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 571b-571
Author(s):  
Robert E. Shar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Water Potentials

Plant water deficits usually result in severe inhibition of shoot growth, while root growth is less inhibited or even promoted. Recent advances in understanding the physiology of the differential responses of root and shoot growth to low water potentials will be reviewed. While it might be readily accepted that hormones arc important in transducing environmental conditions into growth responses, there is surprisingly little definitive evidence for the role of any hormone in regulating plant growth in soils of low water potential. Using maize seedlings as a model system, the increase in ABA that accompanies plant water deficits has been shown to be required for root growth maintenance, and also to play a role in shoot growth inhibition. The action of ABA in root growth maintenance appears to involve regulation of ethylene synthesis and/or sensitivity, while the mechanism of shoot growth inhibition is not known. Evidence that ABA acts as a root `signal controlling shoot growth in drying soil will also be considered. The importance of osmotic adjustment as a mechanism of growth maintenance at low water potentials has been questioned by suggestions that solute accumulation may be merely a consequence of stress-induced growth inhibition. Recent studies will be discussed which do not support this idea, and suggest that the response may be useful for crop improvement.

scholarly journals The Role of Fungal Microbiome Components on the Adaptation to Salinity of Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Pereira ◽  
Beatriz R. Vazquez de Aldana ◽  
Juan B. Arellano ◽  
Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Microbiome ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Sea Cliffs

Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa is a perennial grass that inhabits sea cliffs, a habitat where salinity and low nutrient availability occur. These plants have a rich fungal microbiome, and particularly common are their associations with Epichloë festucae in aboveground tissues and with Fusarium oxysporum and Periconia macrospinosa in roots. In this study, we hypothesized that these fungi could affect the performance of F. rubra plants under salinity, being important complements for plant habitat adaptation. Two lines of F. rubra, each one consisting of Epichloë-infected and Epichloë-free clones, were inoculated with the root endophytes (F. oxysporum and P. macrospinosa) and subjected to a salinity treatment. Under salinity, plants symbiotic with Epichloë had lower Na+ content than non-symbiotic plants, but this effect was not translated into plant growth. P. macrospinosa promoted leaf and root growth in the presence and absence of salinity, and F. oxysporum promoted leaf and root growth in the presence and absence of salinity, plus a decrease in leaf Na+ content under salinity. The growth responses could be due to functions related to improved nutrient acquisition, while the reduction of Na+ content might be associated with salinity tolerance and plant survival in the long term. Each of these three components of the F. rubra core mycobiome contributed with different functions, which are beneficial and complementary for plant adaptation to its habitat in sea cliffs. Although our results do not support an obvious role of Epichloë itself in FRP salt tolerance, there is evidence that Epichloë can interact with root endophytes, affecting host plant performance.

scholarly journals The Role of Mycorrhizae on Seedlings and Early Growth of Sugarcane

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wawan Sulistiono ◽  
Taryono
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Application Techniques

The role of mycorrhizae in plant growth is well known, such as the ability to increase nutrient uptake, especially phosphate (P), drought tolerance, and resistance to pathogens. It is necessary to understand the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal technology in industrial plant production systems and their impact on agriculture systems. Large-scale nurseries of plantations require proper mycorrhizal application techniques. The relationship of mycorrhizal infection with plant yield (biomass) is known and in the next step, appropriate application time is needed to increase the effectiveness of mycorrhizae in plant growth and yield. Application of mycorrhizal inoculum was more effective in increasing the biomass of sugarcane stem weight to reach 61% with an increase in infection of 41.3%. In addition, the mycorrhizal application increases the root growth of sugarcane seedlings. The root growth promoting ability is important to increase the initial growth of plants after transplanting in dry land under the influence of drought stress, limited nutrients. The application of this technology is expected to increase plant growth, facilitate the maintenance and efficiency of cultivation on an industrial scale.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

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