scholarly journals Independent contributions of noradrenaline to behavioural flexibility and motivation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Jahn ◽  
Sophie Gilardeau ◽  
Chiara Varazzani ◽  
Bastien Blain ◽  
Jerome Sallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Noradrenaline Levels

AbstractAmong neuromodulatory systems, the noradrenergic system remains one of the least understood. Several theories have pointed out its implication in behavioural flexibility and more recently in motivation, with a strong role in effort processing. Here, we designed a sequential cost/benefit decision task to test the causal role of noradrenaline in these two functions. We manipulated noradrenaline using clonidine, an alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor agonist, which reduces central noradrenaline levels. Clonidine had two distinct effects: it decreased choice volatility (without affecting the cost/benefit trade off) and reduced force production. Because the effects were independent, they cannot be accounted for by a non-specific effect on arousal. Altogether, these results support the global implication of noradrenaline in facing challenging situations in two complementary ways: by modulating behavioural volatility, which would facilitate adaptation depending on the lability of the environment, and by modulating the mobilization of resources to face immediate challenges.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Role of Science

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Saint-Paul
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Social Planner ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Social Engineer

This chapter describes the social sciences. Unlike the natural sciences, the social sciences are inevitably statistical. When documenting human behavior, for example, they can at most claim that a trait is present in a certain fraction of the population. However, the social engineer of the paternalistic state must take into account that the “science of happiness” that is being implemented does not apply uniformly to all individuals. A policy that benefits some by preventing mistakes or removing their biases harms those who are immune to these issues. This difficulty, however, entirely disappears as long as the state is utilitarian or, more generally, pursues any objective that aggregates welfare between individuals, for the statistics are the only thing the utilitarian needs to know. Once the population distribution of the relevant effects and mechanisms is known, the social planner can safely use it to balance gains and losses across incarnations and perform the cost-benefit analysis of its policies.

scholarly journals The Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in an Irish University Teaching Hospital: A Mixed-Methods Study

Pharmacy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Sarah Ronan ◽  
Nicola Shannon ◽  
Katie Cooke ◽  
Trish McKeon ◽  
Elaine K. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Drug Event ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Avoidance ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Medication review (MR) is a vital part of the pharmacist’s role in hospital. However, in the South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital (SIVUH), Cork, Ireland, this has not been fully implemented due to resource issues. In addition, the cost of providing this service has not been evaluated. Moreover, it is not clear how other members of the multidisciplinary team e.g., Nurses, value any interventions made as a result of the MR. This mixed methods study assessed the impact of MR in terms of (i) potential clinical harm, (ii) cost avoidance and (iii) the views of nursing staff on the role of the pharmacist. The setting is a 192-bed, voluntary, acute hospital, in the Munster region of Ireland. Study I: The pharmacist provided MR to patients conventionally once a week. Any interventions were then assessed for potential clinical harm and to calculate cost avoidance. Study II: Semi-structured interviews, guided by a topic guide were completed with 12 nurses (11 female). Thematic analysis was used to code the main themes. Main outcome measure: To estimate the cost, cost avoidance, and the net cost benefit ratio of MR provided by pharmacists. Study I: Of 128 patients who received the MR, 113 interventions were made. The estimated cost of providing the MR was €2559 (senior pharmacist). Using €1084 as the cost of an adverse drug event (ADE), the cost avoidance was calculated at €42,330. This led to a net cost benefit of €39,771 (senior pharmacist) which equated to a net cost benefit ratio of 16.5:1. Study II: The main themes were (i) perceptions of pharmacy services, (ii) the role of the pharmacist—past, present and future, and (iii) teamwork and communication. Nurses expressed a desire to have more pharmacists present on the wards.

Rational Deterrence in an Imperfect World

1991 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Nalebuff
Keyword(s):  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sequential Equilibrium ◽  
The Cost

This paper considers the role of reputation and signaling in establishing deterrence. The cost-benefit calculations of rational deterrence are extended to allow for incomplete or imperfect information. The author uses requirements of a sequential equilibrium (and its refinements) to impose consistency restrictions on how strategic players signal a reputation for strength. This provides a way to interpret potentially misleading reputations and offers a resolution to the reputation paradox of Jervis.

scholarly journals Analysis and Modeling of Corruption among Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 262-311
Author(s):  
Zhou Xiaohu ◽  
Mohammad Heydari ◽  
Kin Keung Lai ◽  
Zheng Yuxi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Rational Player ◽  
The Cost

Bribery may eradicate social welfare. In the current research, we inspected the mechanism of bribery behaviour based on the (NASH Theory or Non-Cooperative static game theory) which stated by John Forbes Nash Jr. in 1978. With the general hypothesis of “Rational Player,” two bimatrix game models are settled to evaluate the briber and the bribee strategy choice. After discussing the cost-benefit of the (Participants or players), some useful conclusions and dissolve analysis are drawn out. The current study provides three novel experiments that put both metaphors to the test. Overall, a little quantitative study has investigated sequential unethical behaviour. Insomuch prior studies focus on third-party observers’ acceptance of continuous vs. abrupt immoral acts, or the role of self-control and ethical disengagement in the slippery slope of lesser cheating acts empirical investigation contrasting ongoing to the abrupt occurrence of corruption is missing altogether. Recent advances in empirical corruption studies methodology allow the first examination of these different procedures while preserving the economic costs and benefits constant. In the current study, we used a recently improved corruption game by [Köbis, van Prooijen, Righetti, Van Lange, 2015].

Exploring the blurred nature of strategic linkages across the BSC

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Francioli ◽  
Lino Cinquini
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The Way

Purpose – The research aims at addressing the way in which linkages based on qualitative causality could be preferred in designing a balanced scorecard (BSC), by applying a cost-benefit judgment with respect to the complexity of defining strong, statistically reliable cause-and-effect relations among performance measures. Design/methodology/approach – The authors review the way in which cause-and-effect relations across the BSC have been developed based on a case study of BSC implemented in an Italian bank collecting data by in-depth interviews and company’s internal archives. Findings – The research reveals how the ambiguity, or “blurred nature”, of strategic linkages is recognized in the empirical setting of an bank, facing a highly uncertain and complex environment and how the orthodox tools of strategy maps and explicit cause-and-effect linkages prescribed by the theoretical literature are avoided by the human actors. Despite these omissions, the BSC is nevertheless effective. As the case shows, it generated a “democracy” where individuals and departments communicate, commit and collaborate in an effort to implement strategy. The research also shows the role of the BSC in heightening the importance and awareness of performance evaluation among the actors. Practical implications – The research provides practitioners with insights into how to design and manage cause-and-effect relationships in BSC. In particular, evidence is provided that finality linkages in BSC may be successful in use and predictive capabilities, according with expectations and purposes of the organization’s “climate of control”, in a context in which the cost-benefit philosophy in implementing BSC is followed. Originality/value – The paper addresses an issue of practical relevance in the implementation of BSC showing a discrepancy between theoretical and practical meaning of causality. Besides the research highlights, the extent to which linkages across the BSC perspectives (and related measures and variables) can only be based on individual assumptions about the means to an end and based on qualitative assertions (finality).

4. Liability for Fault: Breach

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-201
Author(s):  
Simon Deakin ◽  
Zoe Adams
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Objective Standard ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hand Test ◽  
Breach Of Duty ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the principal element of the cause of action in negligence, namely breach of duty. The issue of breach of duty is concerned with whether the defendant was careless, in the sense of failing to conform to the standard of care applicable to him. The discussions cover the concept of breach of duty; the objective standard; professional and regulatory standards; updating of standards in the light of new information; the role of cost-benefit analysis and the ‘Learned Hand’ test; weighing the risk and gravity of harm against the cost of prevention; and proof of carelessness, including discussion of the res ipsa loquitur principle.

In Code(rs) We Trust

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Walch
Keyword(s):  
Data Structures ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Decentralized Governance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Key Questions

This chapter addresses the myth of ‘decentralized governance’ of public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these data structures. It compares the role of leading software developers and Frankel’s conception of a ‘fiduciary’ and finds much in common, as users place extreme trust in the developers to be both competent and loyal (i.e. to be free of conflicts of interest). The chapter frames the cost–benefit analysis necessary to evaluate whether it is wise to treat these parties as fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a blockchain ‘entrustors’ of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? The chapter concludes by considering the broader implications of treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing accountability paradigm that largely shields them from liability for the code they create.

scholarly journals O PAPEL DAS UNIVERSIDADES EM SISTEMAS DE INOVAÇÃO EM CUBA E URUGUAI: REFLEXÕES PARA O CASO BRASILEIRO

polemica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Israel Sanches Marcellino ◽  
Elaine Cavalcante Peixoto Borin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Logic Of Knowledge ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Traditional Pattern ◽  
The Cost

Resumo: Reconhecendo a importância das especificidades de cada local, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o papel das universidades nos Sistemas de Inovação (SI), tendo os casos de Cuba e do Uruguai como estudo. A partir dessa análise, será possível destilar conceitos que proporcionem perspectivas úteis para a compreensão do caso brasileiro. O período atual traz novas dinâmicas ao sistema capitalista com desdobramentos para as lógicas da produção de conhecimento e da inovação. Logo, a emergência de um paradigma baseado em conhecimento e ciência, além das contradições impostas pelo processo de financeirização, tem posto em xeque o padrão tradicional de inserção das universidades nos SI. O avanço da financeirização sobre os orçamentos públicos em países como os da América Latina suscita questões relacionadas ao financiamento das universidades públicas. No esteio da lógica custo-benefício, surgem questões adicionais relacionadas ao impacto social e econômico efetivo das atividades universitárias. As universidades encontram-se compelidas a uma fase de transição em nível global. Essa transição, contudo, é um processo em andamento, pleno de incertezas e sem rumos únicos definidos.Palavras-chave: Sistema de Inovação. Universidade. América Latina.Abstract: Recognizing the importance of the specificities of each location, the aim of this paper is to analyze the role of universities in innovation systems (IS), taking as a study the case of Cuba and Uruguay. From this analysis, it will be possible to distill concepts that provide useful perspectives for understanding the Brazilian case. The present period brings new dynamics to the capitalist system with consequences for the logic of knowledge production and innovation. Thus, the emergence of a knowledge-based and science-based paradigm and the contradictions imposed by the financialization process have challenged the traditional pattern of insertion of universities in IS. The advancement of financialization over public budgets in countries such as Latin America raises questions related to the financing of public universities. Underlying the cost-benefit logic, additional questions arise regarding the effective social and economic impact of university activities. Universities are compelled to undergo a transitional phase at the global level. This transition, however, is an ongoing process, full of uncertainties and with no single defined directions. Keywords: Innovation System. University. Latin America.

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