scholarly journals Smc6 And Top1 Prevent Aberrant Recombination At The Silent Mating-Type Locus HMR In Budding Yeast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Tran ◽  
Camilla Sjogren ◽  
Andreas Kegel
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Topoisomerase 1 ◽  
Replicative Stress ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Episomal Dna

The structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 (Smc5/6) complex controls recombination in response to replicative stress, within the ribosomal DNA, and at telomeres. It has also been suggested to act in parallel with topoisomerase 1 (Top1) in the resolution of replication-induced superhelical stress under unperturbed conditions. In addition to this, human Smc5/6 was recently shown to suppress the expression of genes present on episomal DNA. The here presented study aimed to investigate the function of Smc5/6 at the transcriptionally silenced, heterochromatin-like loci HML and HMR in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a silencing reporter assay and the temperature-sensitive smc6-56 mutant we found no evidence that Smc5/6 directly influences the maintenance or spreading of silenced domains. However, the results show that Smc6 associates with silent chromatin at HMR in a Sir2-dependent manner, and that Smc6 malfunction triggers aberrant recombination that leads to genomic rearrangement of HMR. This is also observed in top1Δ cells, and the results suggest that Smc5/6 and Top1 work in the same pathway. Taken together with results indicating that abnormal recombination in smc6-56 cells is suppressed by sir2Δ, this investigation indicates that Smc5/6 and Top1 act together to prevent aberrant recombination at the silenced mating-type loci HML and HMR. In the context of the already established functions of Smc5/6 and Top1, it suggests that unresolved replication-induced superhelical stress triggers recombination at silenced chromatin domains.

scholarly journals SWITCHING OF A MATING-TYPE a MUTANT ALLELE IN BUDDING YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-776
Author(s):  
Amar J S Klar ◽  
Seymour Fogel ◽  
David N Radin
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Tetrad Analysis ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Mating Type Locus ◽  
Parental Allele

ABSTRACT Aimed at investigating the recovery of a specific mutant allele of the mating type locus (MAT) by switching a defective MAT allele, these experiments provide information bearing on several models proposed for MAT interconversion in bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hybrids between heterothallic (ho) cells carrying a mutant MAT  a allele, designated mata-2, and MATα ho strains show a high capacity for mating with MAT  a strains. The MATα/mata-2 diploids do not sporulate. However, zygotic clones obtained by mating MATa homothallic (HO) cells with mata-2 ho cells are unable to mate and can sporulate. Tetrad analysis of such clones revealed two diploid (MATa/MATa) :two haploid segregants. Therefore, MAT switches occw in MATα/mata-2 HO/ho cells to produce MATα/MAT a cells capable of sporulation. In heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be switched to a functional MATα and subsequently to a functional MATa. Among 32 MATα to MATa switches tested, where the MATα was previously derived from the mata-2 mutant, only one mata-2 like isolate was observed. However, the recovered allele, unlike the parental allele, conplements the matα stel-5 mutant, suggesting that these alleles are not identical and that the recovered allele presumably arose as a mutation of the MATα locus. No mata-2 was recovered by HO-mediated switching of MATα (previously obtained from mata-2 by HO) in 217 switches analyzed. We conclude that in homothallic and heterothallic strains, the mata-2 allele can be readily switched to a functional MATα and subsequently to a functional MATa locus. Overall, the results are in accord with the cassette model (HICKS, STRATKERN and HERSKO-WITZ 1977b) proposed to explain MAT interconversions.

scholarly journals Genes Involved in Sister Chromatid Separation and Segregation in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-470
Author(s):  
Sue Biggins ◽  
Needhi Bhalla ◽  
Amy Chang ◽  
Dana L Smith ◽  
Andrew W Murray
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Sister Chromatids ◽  
Marked Chromosome ◽  
Sister Chromatid Separation

Abstract Accurate chromosome segregation requires the precise coordination of events during the cell cycle. Replicated sister chromatids are held together while they are properly attached to and aligned by the mitotic spindle at metaphase. At anaphase, the links between sisters must be promptly dissolved to allow the mitotic spindle to rapidly separate them to opposite poles. To isolate genes involved in chromosome behavior during mitosis, we microscopically screened a temperature-sensitive collection of budding yeast mutants that contain a GFP-marked chromosome. Nine LOC (loss of cohesion) complementation groups that do not segregate sister chromatids at anaphase were identified. We cloned the corresponding genes and performed secondary tests to determine their function in chromosome behavior. We determined that three LOC genes, PDS1, ESP1, and YCS4, are required for sister chromatid separation and three other LOC genes, CSE4, IPL1, and SMT3, are required for chromosome segregation. We isolated alleles of two genes involved in splicing, PRP16 and PRP19, which impair α-tubulin synthesis thus preventing spindle assembly, as well as an allele of CDC7 that is defective in DNA replication. We also report an initial characterization of phenotypes associated with the SMT3/SUMO gene and the isolation of WSS1, a high-copy smt3 suppressor.

INTERCONVERSION OF YEAST MATING TYPES II. RESTORATION OF MATING ABILITY TO STERILE MUTANTS IN HOMOTHALLIC AND HETEROTHALLIC STRAINS

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 373A-393
Author(s):  
James B Hicks ◽  
Ira Herskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Mating Ability ◽  
Mating Type Locus ◽  
Regulatory Information ◽  
Ho Gene

ABSTRACT The two mating types of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be interconverted in both homothallic and heterothallic strains. Previous work indicates that all yeast cells contain the information to be both a and α and that the HO gene (in homothallic strains) promotes a change in mating type by causing a change at the mating type locus itself. In both heterothallic and homothallic strains, a defective α mating type locus can be converted to a functional a locus and subsequently to a functional α locus. In contrast, action of the HO gene does not restore mating ability to a strain defective in another gene for mating which is not at the mating type locus. These observations indicate that a yeast cell contains an additional copy (or copies) of α information, and lead to the "cassette" model for mating type interconversion. In this model, HM  a and hmα loci are blocs of unexpressed α regulatory information, and HMα and hm  a loci are blocs of unexpressed a regulatory information. These blocs are silent because they lack an essential site for expression, and become active upon insertion of this information (or a copy of the information) into the mating type locus by action of the HO gene.

Fission yeast Pds5 is required for accurate chromosome segregation and for survival after DNA damage or metaphase arrest

2002 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Win Wang ◽  
Rebecca L. Read ◽  
Chris J. Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Sister Chromatid Cohesion ◽  
Chromosome Loss ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Chromatid Cohesion

Sister chromatid cohesion, which is established during the S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle and persists until the onset of anaphase, is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Cohesion requires the multi-protein complex cohesin, as well as a number of accessory proteins including Pds5/BIMD/Spo76. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pds5 is an essential protein that localises to chromosomes in a cohesin-dependent manner. Here we describe the characterisation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe of pds5+, a novel,non-essential orthologue of S. cerevisiae PDS5. The S. pombePds5 protein was localised to punctate nuclear foci in a manner that was dependent on the Rad21 cohesin component. This, together with additional genetic evidence, points towards an involvement of S. pombe Pds5 in sister chromatid cohesion. S. pombe pds5 mutants were hypersensitive to DNA damage and to mitotic metaphase delay, but this sensitivity was apparently not due to precocious loss of sister chromatid cohesion. These cells also suffered increased spontaneous chromosome loss and meiotic defects and their viability was dependent on the spindle checkpoint protein Bub1. Thus, while S. pombe Pds5 has an important cohesin-related role, this differs significantly from that of the equivalent budding yeast protein.

Regulation of STA1 gene expression by MAT during the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 3992-3998
Author(s):  
A M Dranginis
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sporulation Medium ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Diploid Cells

STA1 encodes a secreted glucoamylase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus. Glucoamylase secretion is controlled by the mating type locus MAT; a and alpha haploid yeast cells secrete high levels of the enzyme, but a/alpha diploid cells produce undetectable amounts. It has been suggested that STA1 is regulated by MATa2 (I. Yamashita, Y. Takano, and S. Fukui, J. Bacteriol. 164:769-773, 1985), which is a MAT transcript of previously unknown function. In contrast, this work shows that deletion of the entire MATa2 gene had no effect on STA1 regulation but that deletion of MATa1 sequences completely abolished mating-type control. In all cases, glucoamylase activity levels reflected STA1 mRNA levels. It appears that STA1 is a haploid-specific gene that is regulated by MATa1 and a product of the MAT alpha locus and that this regulation occurs at the level of RNA accumulation. STA1 expression was also shown to be glucose repressible. STA1 mRNA was induced in diploids during sporulation along with SGA, a closely linked gene that encodes an intracellular sporulation-specific glucoamylase of S. cerevisiae. A diploid strain with a MATa1 deletion showed normal induction of STA1 in sporulation medium, but SGA expression was abolished. Therefore, these two homologous and closely linked glucoamylase genes are induced by different mechanisms during sporulation. STA1 induction may be a response to the starvation conditions necessary for sporulation, while SGA induction is governed by the pathway by which MAT regulates sporulation. The strain containing a complete deletion of MATa2 grew, mated, and sporulated normally.

scholarly journals Pervasive Phenotypic Impact of a Large Nonrecombining Introgressed Region in Yeast

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2520-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brion ◽  
Claudia Caradec ◽  
David Pflieger ◽  
Anne Friedrich ◽  
Joseph Schacherer
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Introgressed Region

Abstract To explore the origin of the diversity observed in natural populations, many studies have investigated the relationship between genotype and phenotype. In yeast species, especially in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these studies are mainly conducted using recombinant offspring derived from two genetically diverse isolates, allowing to define the phenotypic effect of genetic variants. However, large genomic variants such as interspecies introgressions are usually overlooked even if they are known to modify the genotype–phenotype relationship. To have a better insight into the overall phenotypic impact of introgressions, we took advantage of the presence of a 1-Mb introgressed region, which lacks recombination and contains the mating-type determinant in the Lachancea kluyveri budding yeast. By performing linkage mapping analyses in this species, we identified a total of 89 loci affecting growth fitness in a large number of conditions and 2,187 loci affecting gene expression mostly grouped into two major hotspots, one being the introgressed region carrying the mating-type locus. Because of the absence of recombination, our results highlight the presence of a sexual dimorphism in a budding yeast for the first time. Overall, by describing the phenotype–genotype relationship in the Lachancea kluyveri species, we expanded our knowledge on how genetic characteristics of large introgression events can affect the phenotypic landscape.

scholarly journals DEPENDENCE ON MATING TYPE FOR THE OVERPRODUCTION OF ISO-2-CYTOCHROME c IN THE YEAST MUTANT CYC7–H2

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-898
Author(s):  
Rodney J Rothstein ◽  
Fred Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yeast Mutant ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Active Expression ◽  
Structural Region

ABSTRACT The CYC7-H2 mutation causes an approximately 20-fold overproduction of iso-2-cytochromo c in a and α haploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to an alteration in the nontranslated regulatory region that is presumably contiguous with the structural region. In this investigation, we demonstrated that heterozygosity at the mating type locus, a /α or a/a/α/α, prevents expression of the overproduction, while homozygosity, a/a and α/α and hemizygosity, a/O and α/O, allow full expression of the CYC7-H2 mutation, equivalent to the expression observed in a and α haploid strains. There is no decrease in the overproduction of iso-2-cytochrome c in a/α diploid strains containing either of the other two similar mutations, CYC7-H1 and CYC7-H3. It appears as if active expression of one or another of the mating-type alleles is required for the overproduction of iso-2-cytochrome c in CYC7-H2 mutants.

scholarly journals Pervasive phenotypic impact of a large non-recombining introgressed region in yeast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brion ◽  
Claudia Caradec ◽  
David Pflieger ◽  
Anne Friedrich ◽  
Joseph Schacherer
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Introgressed Region

AbstractTo explore the origin of the diversity observed in natural populations, many studies have investigated the relationship between genotype and phenotype. In yeast species, especially in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these studies are mainly conducted using recombinant offspring derived from two genetically diverse isolates, allowing to define the phenotypic effect of genetic variants. However, large genomic variants such as interspecies introgressions are usually overlooked even if they are known to modify the genotype-phenotype relationship. To have a better insight into the overall phenotypic impact of introgressions, we took advantage of the presence of a 1-Mb introgressed region, which lacks recombination and contains the mating-type determinant in the Lachancea kluyveri budding yeast. By performing linkage mapping analyses in this species, we identified a total of 89 loci affecting growth fitness in a large number of conditions and 2,187 loci affecting gene expression mostly grouped into two major hotspots, one being the introgressed region carrying the mating-type locus. Because of the absence of recombination, our results highlight the presence of a sexual dimorphism in a budding yeast for the first time. Overall, by describing the phenotype-genotype relationship in the L. kluyveri species, we expanded our knowledge on how genetic characteristics of large introgression events can affect the phenotypic landscape.

Transcriptional control of the sporulation-specific glucoamylase gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 3069-3073
Author(s):  
I Yamashita ◽  
S Fukui
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Insertion Mutation ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Mating Type Genes ◽  
Diploid Cells ◽  
Glucoamylase Gene

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucoamylase activity appears specifically in sporulating cells heterozygous for the mating-type locus (MAT). We identified a sporulation-specific glucoamylase gene (SGA) and show that expression of SGA is positively regulated by the mating-type genes, both MATa1 and MAT alpha 2. Northern blot analysis revealed that control of SGA is exerted at the level of RNA production. Expression of SGA or the consequent degradation of glycogen to glucose in cells is not required for meiosis or sporulation, since MATa/MAT alpha diploid cells homozygous for an insertion mutation at SGA still formed four viable ascospores.

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