scholarly journals Phytohormone inhibitor treatments phenocopy brassinosteroid and gibberellin dwarf mutant interactions in maize

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman B. Best ◽  
Guri Johal ◽  
Brian P. Dilkes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Chemical Inhibitors ◽  
Biochemical Testing ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Plastochron Index ◽  
New Interactions ◽  
Genetic Mutants

AbstractPhytohormone biosynthesis produces metabolites with profound effects on plant growth and development. Modulation of hormone levels during developmental events, in response to the environment, by genetic polymorphism, or by chemical application can reveal the plant processes most responsive to a phytohormone. In many cases, chemical inhibitors are applied and the levels of specific phytohormones are measured to determine if, and which, phytohormone is affected by a molecule. In many cases, the sensitivity of biochemical testing has determined multiple pathways affected by a single inhibitor. Genetic studies are not subject to this problem, and a wealth of data about the morphological impacts of hormone biosynthetic inhibition has accumulated through the study of enzyme mutants. We previously identified a complex interplay between brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) in maize, where the interdependence of the two differs dependent on the developmental context. We found that: GA is required for loss of BR to induce retained pistils in the tassel florets (POPIT); BR is required for the loss of GA to induce tiller outgrowth; BR and GA are additive for plant height; BR has no effect on the induction of anther retention in ear florets of GA mutants. In this work, we sought to assess the specificity of three triazole inhibitors of cytochrome P450s by determining their abilities to recapitulate the phenotype of double mutants. The GA biosynthetic inhibitors uniconazole (UCZ) and paclobutrazol (PAC) were applied to the BR biosynthetic mutantna2and all double mutant phenotypes were recovered in the UCZ treatment. PAC was unable to suppress the retention of pistils in the tassels ofnana plant2(na2) mutant plants. The BR biosynthetic inhibitor propiconazole (PCZ) suppressed tiller outgrowth in the GA biosynthetic mutantdwarf5(d5). All treatments were additive with genetic mutants for effects on plant height. Due to additional measurements done here but not in previous studies of the double mutants, we detected new interactions between GA and BR biosynthesis affecting plastochron index and tassel branching. These experiments, a refinement of our previous model, and a discussion of the extension of this type of work are presented.

Genetic Studies of Two Crosses of Brassica Campestris L.

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Joarder ◽  
A. M. Eunus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Heading Time ◽  
Seed Colour ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Ripening Time ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
High Dominance

SUMMARYHeritability of four quantitative characters in two crosses of Brassica campestris L. was found to be high. Dominance was detected only for plant height at heading time in both the crosses, and for sowing-to-heading period in Toria-TP × Toria-7. Transgressive segregation was expected in the segregating progenies for all the characters. Epistasis was complementary in all characters except in plant height at ripening time, where it was of the duplicate type. Additive × dominance type of epistasis was most significant and was present in most of the characters. Genes for most of the characters were linked with a major gene for seed colour (Rr). Yield was genetically correlated with the four quantitative characters studied.

GENETIC STUDIES OF UNUSUAL LOCI THAT AFFECT BODY SHAPE OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS AND MAY CODE FOR CUTICLE STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-639
Author(s):  
Meredith Kusch ◽  
R S Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Wild Type Phenotype ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Collagen Genes

ABSTRACT In Caenorhabditis elegans, four loci (sqt-1, sqt-2, sqt-3 and rol-8) in which mutations affect body shape and cuticle morphology have unusual genetic properties. (1) Mutant alleles of sqt-1 can interact to produce animals with a variety of mutant phenotypes: left roller, right roller, dumpy and long. At least three mutant phenotypes are specified by mutations in the sqt-3 locus. (2) Most alleles at these loci are either dominant or cryptic dominant (i.e., are dominant only in certain genetic backgrounds). (3) Most alleles of these loci exhibit codominance. (4) Two putative null alleles of the sqt-1 locus produce a wild-type phenotype. (5) Many alleles of these genes demonstrate unusual intergenic interactions that are not the result of simple epistasis: animals doubly heterozygous for mutations at two loci often display unexpected and unpredictable phenotypes. We suggest that these genetic properties might be expected of genes, such as the collagen genes, the products of which interact to form the animal's cuticle, and which are member genes of a gene family.

Context-dependent relationships between the BMPsgbbanddppduring development of theDrosophilawing imaginal disk

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (20) ◽  
pp. 3913-3925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Ray ◽  
Kristi A. Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Type I ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Wing Disk ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Single Focus

The Drosophila BMP5/6/7/8 homolog, glass bottom boat (gbb), has been shown to be involved in proliferation and vein patterning in the wing disk. To better understand the roles for gbb in wing development, as well as its relationship with the Drosophila BMP2/4 homolog decapentaplegic (dpp), we have used clonal analysis to define the functional foci of gbb during wing development. Our results show that gbb has both local and long-range functions in the disk that coincide both spatially and functionally with the established functions of dpp, suggesting that both BMPs contribute to the same processes during wing development. Indeed, comparison of the mutant phenotypes of dpp and gbb hypomorphs and null clones shows that both BMPs act locally along the longitudinal and cross veins to affect the process of vein promotion during pupal development, and long-range from a single focus along the A/P compartment boundary to affect the processes of disk proliferation and vein specification during larval development. Moreover, we show that duplications of dpp are able to rescue many of the phenotypes associated with gbb mutants and clones, indicating that the functions of gbb are at least partially redundant with those of dpp. While this relationship is similar to that described for dpp and the BMP screw (scw) in the embryo, we show that the mechanisms underlying both local and long-range functions of gbb and dpp in the wing are different. For the local foci, gbb function is confined to the regions of the veins that require the highest levels of dpp signaling, suggesting that gbb acts to augment dpp signaling in the same way as scw is proposed to do in the embryo. However, unlike scw-dependent signals in the embryo, these gbb signals are not transduced by the Type I receptor saxophone (sax), thus, the cooperativity between gbb and dpp is not achieved by signaling through distinct receptor complexes. For the long-range focus along the A/P compartment boundary, gbb function does not appear to affect the high point of the dpp gradient, but, rather, appears to be required for low points, which is the reciprocal of the relationship between dpp and scw in the embryo. Moreover, these functions of gbb also do not require the Type I receptor sax. Given these results, we conclude that the relationships between gbb and dpp in the wing disk represent novel paradigms for how multiple BMP ligands signal during development, and that signaling by multiple BMPs involves a variety of different inter-ligand relationships that depend on the developmental context in which they act.

scholarly journals Calcium dynamics integrated into signalling pathways that influence vertebrate axial patterning

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1495) ◽  
pp. 1377-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M Freisinger ◽  
Igor Schneider ◽  
Trudi A Westfall ◽  
Diane C Slusarski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Axial Patterning ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
Genetic Mutants

Many aspects of animal development including fertilization as well as organ formation and function are dependent upon the dynamic release of calcium (Ca 2+ ) ions. Although the controlled release and/or accumulation of Ca 2+ ions has been extensively studied, how the release dynamics produce a specific biological output in embryonic development is less clear. We will briefly summarize Ca 2+ sources, highlight data on endogenous Ca 2+ release in vertebrate embryos relevant to body plan formation and cell movement, and integrate pharmacological and molecular-genetic studies to lend insight into the signalling pathways involved. Finally, based on in vivo imaging in zebrafish genetic mutants, we will put forward the model that distinct Ca 2+ release dynamics lead to antagonism of the developmentally important Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, while sustained Ca 2+ release modulates cell polarization or directed migration.

scholarly journals Transcription factor Pebbled/RREB1 regulates injury-induced axon degeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1358-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Farley ◽  
Thomas C. Burdett ◽  
Romina Barria ◽  
Lukas J. Neukomm ◽  
Kevin P. Kenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Axon Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Element Binding Protein ◽  
Responsive Element ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Severed Axons

Genetic studies of Wallerian degeneration have led to the identification of signaling molecules (e.g., dSarm/Sarm1, Axundead, and Highwire) that function locally in axons to drive degeneration. Here we identify a role for the Drosophila C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor Pebbled [Peb, Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1) in mammals] in axon death. Loss of Peb in Drosophila glutamatergic sensory neurons results in either complete preservation of severed axons, or an axon death phenotype where axons fragment into large, continuous segments, rather than completely disintegrate. Peb is expressed in developing and mature sensory neurons, suggesting it is required to establish or maintain their competence to undergo axon death. peb mutant phenotypes can be rescued by human RREB1, and they exhibit dominant genetic interactions with dsarm mutants, linking peb/RREB1 to the axon death signaling cascade. Surprisingly, Peb is only able to fully block axon death signaling in glutamatergic, but not cholinergic sensory neurons, arguing for genetic diversity in axon death signaling programs in different neuronal subtypes. Our findings identify a transcription factor that regulates axon death signaling, and peb mutant phenotypes of partial fragmentation reveal a genetically accessible step in axon death signaling.

Isolation and Characterization of Magbane, a Magnesium-Lethal Mutant of Paramecium

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1069
Author(s):  
Jocelyn A Hammond ◽  
Robin R Preston
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
K Current ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Genetic Mutants

Abstract Discerning the mechanisms responsible for membrane excitation and ionic control in Paramecium has been facilitated by the availability of genetic mutants that are defective in these pathways. Such mutants typically are selected on the basis of behavioral anomalies or resistance to ions. There have been few attempts to isolate ion-sensitive strains, despite the insights that might be gained from studies of their phenotypes. Here, we report isolation of “magbane,” an ion-sensitive strain that is susceptible to Mg2+. Whereas the wild type tolerated the addition of ≥20 mm MgCl2 to the culture medium before growth was slowed and ultimately suppressed (at >40 mm), mgx mutation slowed growth at 10 mm. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype resulted from a recessive single-gene mutation that had not been described previously. We additionally noted that a mutant that was well described previously (restless) is also highly sensitive to Mg2+. This mutant is characterized by an inability to control membrane potential when extracellular K+ concentrations are lowered, due to inappropriate regulation of a Ca2+-dependent K+ current. However, comparing the mgx and rst mutant phenotypes suggested that two independent mechanisms might be responsible for their Mg2+ lethality. The possibility that mgx mutation may adversely affect a transporter that is required for maintaining low intracellular Mg2+ is considered.

INHERITANCE STUDIES OF SEVERAL QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN SPRING WHEAT CROSSES BETWEEN VARIETIES RELATIVELY SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT TO DROUGHT

1936 ◽  
Vol 14c (10) ◽  
pp. 368-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Torrie
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Made In

Genetic studies were made in the F2 and F3 generations of the crosses, Selection I-28-60 × Milturum, Reward × Caesium, and Caesium × Marquis. It was found that the character glume color was controlled by either one or two factor pairs in the cross Selection I-28-60 × Milturum, and by two factor pairs in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The characters, awning, straw color, glume pubescence and spike regularity were each governed by one factor pair, while three factor pairs were operative in the inheritance of seed color.Polymeric factors apparently control the inheritance of the quantitative characters straw strength, plant height, earliness and grain yield. A partial dominance of strong straw and earliness was found in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. Tallness and low grain yield were partially dominant in the cross Reward × Caesium. Evidence for transgressive segregation of earliness was obtained in the cross between Caesium and Marquis.The characters glume color, awning, straw color, glume pubescence and spike regularity were inherited independently. White straw color and earliness were definitely associated in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The characters straw color and plant height were loosely linked in the Caesium × Marquis cross. Grain yield was not significantly correlated with straw strength, plant height or earliness in the cross between Reward and Caesium. Small but significant relationships were found among the characters straw strength, plant height and earliness in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The relation between heading and maturity was studied only in the F4 of Reward × Caesium, in which case a strong positive correlation was obtained.

Genetic studies for yield and nutritional traits in unpolished rice RILs of MTU1010 x BR2655

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramya Rathod ◽  
K. Suman ◽  
P. Madhu Babu ◽  
C. N. Neeraja ◽  
K. B. Eswari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Grain Zinc ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

A study was carried out to access the genetic variability in a set of 190 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of rice derived from MTU1010 and BR2655. Plant height and number of productive tillers per plant recorded high PCV and GCV during kharif 2016, whereas number of filled grains per panicle, grain yield per plant, grain zinc concentration and grain iron concentration during rabi 2016-17.The estimates of PCV were slightly higher than the corresponding GCV estimates for all the traits studied indicating that the characters were least influenced by the environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was noticed for traits like plant height, number of productive tillers, number of filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, grain iron concentration and grain zinc concentration respectively during kharif 2016 and rabi 2016-17 indicating that traits are under additive genetic control, simple selection would likely be effective for further improvement of these traits in desirable direction. RILs J16, J144 and J146 have shown higher grain yield per plant with high iron and zinc concentrations.

scholarly journals Genetic Studies on Grain Protein Content and Some Agronomic Characters of Rice by Halfdiallel Crossing System

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Totok Agung Dwi Haryanto ◽  
Eko Binnaryo Mei Adi ◽  
Agus Riyanto ◽  
Dyah Susanti ◽  
Ponendi Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Effect ◽  
Quantitative Characters

Diallel method was use to study quantitative characters of rice. The output of the analysis will provide genetic information to select further generation. The results were Grain Protein Content (GPC) and filled grain characters in rice determined by epistatic gene effect. Over dominant had been show in day of harvest while that in plant height was partially dominant, and in panicles length were partially dominant and close to complete dominant.

scholarly journals The WIGGUM gene is required for proper regulation of floral meristem size in Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (14) ◽  
pp. 2545-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Running ◽  
J.C. Fletcher ◽  
E.M. Meyerowitz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Separate Pathway ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Floral Meristems

The study of cell division control within developing tissues is central to understanding the processes of pattern formation. The floral meristem of angiosperms gives rise to floral organs in a particular number and pattern. Despite its critical role, little is known about how cell division is controlled in the floral meristem, and few genes involved have been identified. We describe the phenotypic effects of mutations in WIGGUM, a gene required for control of cell proliferation in the floral and apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. wiggum flowers contain more organs, especially sepals and petals, than found in wild-type flowers. This organ number phenotype correlates with specific size changes in the early floral meristem, preceding organ initiation. Genetic studies suggest that WIGGUM acts on a similar process but in a separate pathway than the CLAVATA1 and CLAVATA3 genes in meristem size regulation, and reveal interactions with other genes affecting meristem structure and identity. Analysis of double mutant phenotypes also reveals a role for WIGGUM in apical meristem function. We propose that WIGGUM plays a role in restricting cell division relative to cellular differentiation in specific regions of the apical and floral meristems.

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