scholarly journals Visual memories are stored along a compressed timeline

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inder Singh ◽  
Aude Oliva ◽  
Marc W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Search Model ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Serial Search ◽  
Repeated Stimulus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Response Time Distributions ◽  
Rt Distributions

AbstractIn continuous recognition the recency effect manifests as a decrease in accuracy and a sublinear increase in response time (RT) with the lag of a repeated stimulus. The recency effect could result from the gradual weakening of mnemonic traces. Alternatively, the recency effect could result from a search through a compressed timeline of recent experience. These two hypotheses make very different predictions about the shape of response time distributions. Using highly-memorable pictures to mitigate changes in accuracy enabled a detailed examination of the effect of recency on retrieval dynamics. The recency at which pictures were repeated ranged over two orders of magnitude across three experiments. Analysis of the RT distributions showed that the time at which memories became accessible changed with the recency of the probe, as predicted by a serial search model suggesting that visual memories can be accessed by sequentially scanning along a compressed representation of the past.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive intra-individual variability in mood disorders: effects on attentional response time distributions

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 2985-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gallagher ◽  
J. Nilsson ◽  
A. Finkelmeyer ◽  
M. Goshawk ◽  
K. A. Macritchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Response Time Distributions ◽  
Attentional Tasks ◽  
Rt Distributions

Background.Attentional impairment is a core cognitive feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known of the characteristics of response time (RT) distributions from attentional tasks. This is crucial to furthering our understanding of the profile and extent of cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) in mood disorders.Method.A computerized sustained attention task was administered to 138 healthy controls and 158 patients with a mood disorder: 86 euthymic BD, 33 depressed BD and 39 medication-free MDD patients. Measures of IIV, including individual standard deviation (iSD) and coefficient of variation (CoV), were derived for each participant. Ex-Gaussian (and Vincentile) analyses were used to characterize the RT distributions into three components: mu and sigma (mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian portion of the distribution) and tau (the ‘slow tail’ of the distribution).Results.Compared with healthy controls, iSD was increased significantly in all patient samples. Due to minimal changes in average RT, CoV was only increased significantly in BD depressed patients. Ex-Gaussian modelling indicated a significant increase in tau in euthymic BD [Cohen's d = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09–0.69, p = 0.011], and both sigma (d = 0.57, 95% CI 0.07–1.05, p = 0.025) and tau (d = 1.14, 95% CI 0.60–1.64, p < 0.0001) in depressed BD. The mu parameter did not differ from controls.Conclusions.Increased cognitive variability may be a core feature of mood disorders. This is the first demonstration of differences in attentional RT distribution parameters between MDD and BD, and BD depression and euthymia. These data highlight the utility of applying measures of IIV to characterize neurocognitive variability and the great potential for future application.

The Application of Computers to Ship Operations

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-192
Keyword(s):  
Operations Research ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Navigational Systems ◽  
The Revolution

A symposium on The Application of Computers to Ship Operations was held at the Department of Navigation, Liverpool Polytechnic, on 1, 2 and 3 March 1971.The symposium was introduced by the Head of the Department, Captain F. L. Main, who briefly reviewed the revolution in world shipping over the past twenty years involving great increases in tonnage, speed of vessels and traffic congestion, accompanied by a progressive reduction in manning scales. This had been made possible by automation and one of its logical consequences was the use of computers both at sea and in port administration. The aim of the symposium was to explore the potential of the digital computer in these fields, to define its possible limitations and to emphasize the need of adequate training for the personnel involved.Of the nine papers presented, four more directly concerned with the application of computers to navigational systems are printed below. Other papers dealt with the application of computers to cargo handling, ships' accountancy and port administration with particular reference to the recent experience of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. Captain Holder and Captain Jones are both in the Marine Operations Research Unit at the Liverpool Polytechnic.

scholarly journals Montenegrin-Albanian Linguistic Border: In Search of “Balanced Language Contact”

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Morozova ◽  
Alexander Yu. Rusakov
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
The Village

The article aims to clarify the notion of “balanced language contact” and to model the situation of a language contact (in the present and the past) in one of the ethnically and linguistically mixed regions of the Montenegrin-Albanian linguistic border. The study focuses on the situation in the bilingual community of thevillageofVelja Gorana, located in the area of Mrkovići inSouthern Montenegro. The community of the village, as it seems at a first glance, provides a good example of a “balanced contact” situation. The language situation in Velja Gorana is described in the article as a set of micro-situations, or scenarios, developing on family and individual levels. Attention is paid not only to the communication in the family domain, but also to the external relations of the community members. Following on from this material, the authors attempt to develop a methodology for assessing the role of both languages in such communities in general, showing which factors influence individual linguistic behavior; how this behavior may change during an individual lifetime; how the different speakers’ strategies amalgamate in what can be considered as behavior of a multilingual speech community. Analyzing the information on the history of Velia Gorana, in particular, conducting a detailed examination of the origins, genealogies and marriage strategies of its families, allows the authors to reconstruct the mechanisms for the development of “linguistic exogamy” in the community of Velja Gorana and to make assumptions about the nature of the contact situation in this region in the past.

Rhetorical Economy in Augustine's Theology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Gronewoller
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Scriptural Interpretation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Divine Activity ◽  
Clean Break ◽  
Previous Scholarship ◽  
Divine Order

Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) studied and taught rhetoric for nearly two decades until, at the age of thirty-one, he left his position as professor of rhetoric in Milan to embark upon his new life as a Christian. But this was not a clean break. Previous scholarship has done much to show us that Augustine integrated rhetorical ideas about texts and speeches into his thought on homiletics, the formation of arguments, and scriptural interpretation. Over the past few decades a new movement among scholars has begun to show that Augustine also carried rhetorical concepts into areas of his thought that were beyond the typical purview of the rhetorical handbooks. This study contributes to this new movement by providing a detailed examination of Augustine’s use of the rhetorical concept of economy in his theologies of creation, history, and evil, in order to gain insights into these fundamental aspects of his thought. Ultimately, this book finds that Augustine used rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explained a multitude of tensions within, and answered various challenges to, these three areas of his thought as well as others with which they intersect—including his understandings of providence, divine activity, and divine order.

scholarly journals HOW DRIVING STRESS, CONFIDENCE, AND THOUGHTS ABOUT DRIVING ALTERNATIVES AFFECT TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S251-S251
Author(s):  
Jonathon Vivoda ◽  
Jiawei Cao ◽  
Annie Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Driving Skills ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Driving Enjoyment

Abstract Although many older adults will eventually not be able to safely drive themselves, comprehensive planning for a non-driving future is infrequent. To better understand the factors that predict transportation planning, the role played by several different aspects of driving were assessed. We analyzed whether stress about driving, enjoyment of driving, driving confidence, recent experience with negative driving events, and thoughts about how well other transportation modes could meet one’s future needs played a role in planning. Age, gender, race, and income were also controlled for in the models. More transportation planning was significantly associated with experiencing driving as more stressful and with reporting less confidence in one’s driving skills. Level of driving enjoyment and the number of concerning driving events experienced during the past year (e.g., crash, near crash, driving conversations, health issues, etc.) were not significantly related to planning. Respondents were also asked about how well other transport modes (e.g., rides with other drivers, buses, light rail, taxis, etc.) could meet their needs when they can no longer drive. This factor explained more of the variance in the planning outcome than any of the other factors, with a larger number associated with more planning. This result suggests that engaging in more planning may be associated with an openness to non-driving options, but it is unclear if that is a result of more planning, or a precursor to this activity.

Project overruns: why are we still getting it wrong?

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Gareth D. Lee ◽  
Simon P. Whitaker ◽  
Martin Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Project Outcomes ◽  
Realistic Assessment ◽  
Common Problems

The issue of poor project performance in the oil and gas industry is not new. It has been discussed since the 1980s and, over the past 30 years, there has been considerable effort put into improving project outcomes. As an industry, we have invested heavily in project management and estimating processes to ensure that reliable data are available for investment decisions. However, recent experience in Australia and elsewhere in the world suggests that little real improvement has been made. This presentation critically examines aspects of project performance and decision making by analysing: the commercial impact that recent cost and schedule outcomes have had on Australian projects; common problems associated with setting and managing cost and schedule expectations throughout the project development process; real (anonymous) examples from projects to indicate how biases affect behaviours, decisions and outcomes; and simple ways to build a more realistic assessment of risk and uncertainty into cost and schedule estimates. We conclude by discussing why this is still important for future Australian projects given the days of complex greenfield megaprojects are likely behind us.

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