scholarly journals Reconstruction of phylogenetic history to resolve the subspecies anomaly of Pantherine cats

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranajit Das ◽  
Priyanka Upadhyai

AbstractAll charismatic big cats including tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Panthera uncial), and jaguar (Panthera onca) are grouped into the subfamily Pantherinae. Several mitogenomic approaches have been employed to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Pantherine cats but the phylogeny has remained largely unresolved till date. One of the major reasons for the difficulty in resolving the phylogenetic tree of Pantherine cats is the small sample size. While previous studies included only 5‐10 samples, we have used 43 publically available taxa to reconstruct Pantherine phylogenetic history. Complete mtDNA sequences were used from all individuals excluding the control region (15,489bp). A Bayesian MCMC approach was employed to investigate the divergence times among different Pantherine clades. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny generated a dendrogram: Neofelis nebulosa (Panthera tigris (Panthera onca (Panthera uncia (Panthera leo, Panthera pardus)))), grouping lions with leopards and placing snow leopards as an outgroup to this clade. The phylogeny revealed that lions split from their sister species leopard ~3 Mya and the divergence time between snow leopards and the clade including lions and leopards was estimated to be ~5 Mya. Our study revealed that the morphology-based subspecies designation for both lions and tigers is largely not valid. The estimated tMRCA of 2.9 Mya between Barbary lions and Sub-Saharan African lions depicts the restriction of female-mediated gene flow between the lion populations in the backdrop of the habitat fragmentation taking place from late Pliocene to early to mid-Pleistocene creating islands of forest refugia in central Africa.

Author(s):  
Ginette Villar Echarte ◽  
Alynne Da Silva Barbosa ◽  
Jessica Lima Pinheiro ◽  
Alejandro Manuel Rodriguez Segon ◽  
Anderson Mendes Augusto ◽  
...  

Under certain circumstances, wild animals kept in zoos may be more exposed to infectious parasitic diseases. The puprpose of this study was to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild felids in the National Zoological Park (PZN) in Cuba (Havana) and in RioZoo in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). A total of 52 fecal samples were collected from 52 felids, as follows: 19 Panthera leo, two Leopardus tigrinus, two Leopardus pardalis, one Panthera tigris altaica, four Panthera tigris tigris, six Panthera onca, seven Puma concolor, one Herpailurus yagouaroundi, three Acinonyx jubatus, two Caracal caracal and five Panthera pardus. The fecal samples were processed and examined microscopically. The frequency of parasite positive animals was 17.5% (7/40) in PZN and 25% (3/12) in RioZoo. Panthera pardus (40%) and Panthera onca (20%) were most frequently infected in PZN and Panthera leo (100%) and Leopardus pardalis (50%) in RioZoo. Hookworm (12.5%) was detected in PZN as well as Toxascaris leonina (10%) and in RioZoo nematode larvae (9.1%) , hookworm eggs (9.1%), Toxascaris leonina (2%) and the cestode eggs from the Diphyllobothriidae family (9.1%) were found. Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts were not detected in feline feces. Although the positivity of gastrointestinal parasites detected in feline fecal samples was not very high in these zoos, both institutions need to implement and maintain sanitary measures, including routine diagnosis of parasitosis followed by specific treatment according to the infections detected.KEY WORDS: Captive wild felids; gastrointestinal parasites; National Zoo Park of Cuba; Rio de Janeiro Zoo; Brazil.


Oryx ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Thuppil ◽  
Richard G. Coss

AbstractWe attempted to deter crop-raiding elephants Elephas maximus by using playbacks of threatening vocalizations such as felid growls and human shouts. For this purpose, we tested two sound-playback systems in southern India: a wireless, active infrared beam-triggered system to explore the effects of night-time uncertainty in elephants' assessment of predatory threats, and a passive infrared motion detector-triggered system for closer-range playbacks. Using the first system, we deterred 90% of crop-raiding attempts using tiger Panthera tigris growls, 72.7% using leopard Panthera pardus growls, and 57.1% using human shouts, with no statistically significant difference among the three sounds. Using the second system, playbacks of tiger and lion Panthera leo growls deterred 100 and 83.3% of crop-raiding attempts, respectively, with no statistically reliable difference between the two, although video evidence indicated that elephants were more fearful of tiger growls. Our results indicate that playbacks of threatening sounds can be effective in mitigating human–elephant conflict, particularly in bolstering existing deterrent methods.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rangel ◽  
Nelson Da Silva Júnior

Abstract In order to promote research and conservation of species, zoos tend to promote the modernization of this system, such as the insertion of larger and adequate enclosures, environmental enrichments, and above all the conservation of species. The main objectives of this work were: to promote environmental food and cognitive enrichment for big cats, in addition to discussing the validity of this enrichment model. The study animals were 12 animals: four tigers (Panthera tigris), three puma (Puma concolor), three jaguars (Panthera onca) and two lions (Panthera leo). We used a basic ethogram for the analysis of behaviors, in which there was an analysis of specific behavior: rhythm and inactivity. With the focal animal observation method, and using the “surprise box” enrichment method, which consisted of pieces of meat inside cardboard boxes, the statistical results obtained indicated that enrichment increased social, rest and physiological behavior, and slowed down and downtime. Each species reacted in a specific way to enrichments, with better results being noticed with the Panthera onca group, followed by the Panthera leo, Panthera tigris and Puma concolor group, respectively. The theory of the use of environmental enrichment was proven and compared with other works similar to this one.


2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fabiana María Martín

La Tesis presenta el estudio de una serie de conjuntos óseos correspondientes al Pleistoceno tardío del sur de Patagonia continental y Tierra del Fuego, Chile y Argentina, provenientes tanto de sitios arqueológicos como paleontológicos —todos ellos cuevas o aleros. Estos sitios fueron fechados aproximadamente entre 13 500 y 10 000 años radiocarbónicos AP, período durante el cual megamamíferos como Mylodon darwini, grandes mamíferos como Hippidion saldiasi, Panthera onca mesembrina, Smilodon sp. o Arctotherium tarijense —representantes de la fauna de fines del Pleistoceno— se extinguieron. A la vez, es el momento en el que ocurre el proceso de colonización humana de esas regiones. Los trabajos previos han considerado que muchos de los restos óseos depositados en estos sitios han sido el resultado exclusivo de las actividades de los primeros cazadoresrecolectores que habitaron Patagonia. Esto se ha fundamentado principalmente en la asociación física entre los restos óseos, instrumentos líticos y fogones, así como —en algunos casos— en la presencia de trazas antrópicas sobre los huesos. Sin embargo, sabemos que otros agentes y procesos también pueden depositar huesos, entre ellos la actividad de carnívoros transportando restos de presas. También se deben considerar casos de animales que mueren en su hábitat, cuyos restos normalmente serán carroñeados por carnívoros. En cualquiera de ambas situaciones, la acumulación no antrópica de huesos puede mezclarse fácilmente con restos depositados durante ocupaciones humanas previas o posteriores, de manera que la existencia penecontemporánea de poblaciones humanas y de carnívoros crea condiciones bajo las cuales el reconocimiento de los restos de presas atribuíbles a unos u otros no es sencillo. Los estudios tafonómicos desarrollados en esta tesis constituyen la herramienta que utilizamos para desarrollar esta discusión. Sirviéndonos de los resultados de trabajos tafonómicos propios controlados con poblaciones vivientes de pumas, guanacos y zorros, estudios semejantes con leones (Panthera leo), leopardos (Panthera pardus), lobos (Canis lupus) y otros carnívoros o los resultados bibliográficos obtenidos a partir de observaciones sobre jaguares (Panthera onca) y otros animales, se ha establecido una base comparativa para el análisis de conjuntos óseos fósiles que se sospecha que fueron generados por carnívoros. También se utilizaron resultados de estudios paleobiológicos de varios de los mamíferos implicados y resultados tafonómicos sobre especies afines extintas, las que sirvieron para discutir modos de explotación y procesamiento de restos óseos. Todos estos acercamientos se complementaron con el estudio detallado de una serie de marcadores tafonómicos en los conjuntos fósiles. De esta manera, ha sido posible reanalizar marcas que habían sido consideradas antrópicas y reclasificarlas como producidas por carnívoros. Por otra parte la información arqueológica, ayudada por los resultados publicados de numerosos estudios etnoarqueológicos, sirve para evaluar la contribución humana a la formación de esos depósitos. La determinación de huellas de corte sobre los huesos es el criterio más importante para identificar trazas de origen antrópico. El análisis utiliza, además, toda la información contextual disponible relacionada con los sedimentos u otros elementos asociados con las faunas, así como nuevos resultados radiocarbónicos y estudios de isótopos estables. En forma sintética se puede sostener que a fines del Pleistoceno coexistieron en el espacio ubicado en el sur de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego los primeros cazadores-recolectores y grandes carnívoros como Smilodon sp., Panthera onca mesembrina y Arctotherium tarijense, quienes compartían el interés por ciertos sectores del espacio —concretamente cuevas y aleros— y por ciertas presas. Se evaluó cada uno de los sitios desde esta perspectiva. Un resultado importante es que conjuntos óseos que habían sido interpretados como generados por humanos, pasaron a ser considerados como resultado de las actividades de grandes herbívoros o de la acción combinada de carnívoros y cazadores. A la vez, depósitos tratados como puramente paleontológicos, muestran indicios de alguna actividad antrópica. El resultado final de estos trabajos es que algunos de los conjuntos encontrados básicamente en cuevas endógenas, se explican mejor como madrigueras de carnívoros con poca o nula actividad humana asociada. Otros conjuntos, encontrados básicamente en cuevas exógenas, parecen haberse formado como resultado de actividades de herbívoros, nuevamente con poca o nula actividad humana. Finalmente, otros sitios tienen claras ocupaciones humanas más o menos mezcladas con los resultados de las actividades de carnívoros y herbívoros. Los principales sitios en los que se registró importante actividad humana, alternada con ocupaciones por carnívoros o herbívoros, son aleros muy expuestos, aunque también hay casos de cuevas exógenas. El análisis cronológico mostró que la fauna del Pleistoceno desapareció, efectivamente, hacia tiempos de la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno. Destacamos que se confirmó una edad holocena para Dusicyon avus, a través de un fechado radiocarbónico en el sitio Cueva de los Chingues. Por otra parte notamos la presencia ubicua de Panthera onca mesembrina, indicando la superposición espacial y/o temporal con los primeros cazadores-recolectores. Los sitios formados por este carnívoro presentan abundantes huesos de camélidos, Hippidion saldiasi y Mylodontinae, los que demuestran su notable capacidad para fracturarlos. Dentro de los sitios con ocupaciones humanas, por otra parte, se advierte una clara diferencia entre aquellos sitios centrales que parecen haber focalizado actividades —con usos reiterados— y aquellos utilizados en forma logística, efímera. Las presas presentes en estos sitios son principalmente camélidos, con una buena representación de Hippidion saldiasi y la presencia escasa de Mylodontinae. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos no indican actividad humana importante sobre la fauna del Pleistoceno, lo que es concordante con la hipótesis que sostiene que no constituyeron un factor esencial en su extinción.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
S.L. Lefebvre ◽  
H.M. Wallett ◽  
E.S. Dierenfeld ◽  
K.M. Whitehouse-Tedd

Gastrointestinal (GI) health is important to the welfare of captive tigers, and diet is considered a likely influencing factor. A survey was performed to collect information on GI health indicators and diet of tigers housed in zoological facilities across the globe. Completed surveys were received for one tiger from each of 32 facilities. Three (9%) tigers were reported as being diagnosed as having current GI disease; 24 (75%) had ideal (soft with shape) faeces ‘often’ to ‘always’ during the four weeks before survey completion. Potential associations between current GI disease and other variables could not be explored because of the low disease prevalence. Commercial raw meat diets were the most commonly fed diet type, and the most common food source was horse. Upon multivariate analysis, including country as a covariate, the odds and frequency of vomiting during the previous six months increased with the frequency of feeding muscle meat and chicken, and decreased as the frequency of feeding long bones increased. The odds and frequency of diarrhoea over the previous six months increased with the frequency of feeding beef and muscle meat; and the frequency of liquid faeces in the previous four weeks increased with oral antimicrobial treatment and increasing frequency of feeding beef. Although limited by the small sample size, these findings characterised the nutritional care that captive tigers currently receive and provided preliminary insight into dietary associations with indicators of GI health. The findings support the need to consider species-specific dietary adaptations and for further investigations into the health impact of diet in captive tigers.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Win Sim Tan ◽  
Norazmi Bin Amir Hamzah ◽  
Salman Saaban ◽  
Nurul Aida Zawakhir ◽  
Yugees Rao ◽  
...  

Camera trap data was used to study occurrence and daily activity patterns in the Endau Rompin Landscape of peninsular Malaysia during 2011, 2013 and 2015 to estimate Malayan Tiger Panthera tigris jacksoni population densities.  By-catch data were also collected for seven ungulate species: Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak, Bearded Pig Sus barbatus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu, Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus kanchil, Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus and Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor.  Of these, Bayesian single-season occupancy analysis suggested that Barking Deer were the most widespread and Mousedeer spp. the least widespread during the study period.  Bearded Pig, Malayan Tapir and Wild Boar were recorded in more than half of the camera trap area (Sambar Deer was excluded due to small sample size).  Daily activity patterns based on independent captures in 2015 suggest that Barking Deer, Bearded Pig and Wild Boar are mostly diurnal, mousedeer species are crepuscular and Malayan Tapir strongly nocturnal.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. ACCEPTED
Author(s):  
Anne Lucia Jansen ◽  
Karen Thodberg

Surplus animals in zoos and wildlife parks are handled differently across Europe. Some zoos use the “Breed and Cull”-method where animals are allowed to reproduce, and surplus animals culled when the mature. Other zoos sterilize the animals or inject them with contraceptive rods to prevent reproduction. Naturally secreted hormones affect both behaviour and morphology, but the effect of the injected hormones has not been studied in lions. The aim of this observational study was to compare the behaviour in captive groups of female lions, that had either been injected with contraceptive rods or not. The study was made in eight different zoos in Denmark, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands. We found no significant differences in the behaviour of the two groups (with and without rods), indicating that there was no effect of contraceptive rods. However, the small sample size, and unbalanced factors such as pride composition, age and weather could have blurred our results. In order to address the challenge of surplus animals, we suggest, future studies with a more optimal experimental design and larger sample sizes and the inclusion of physiological measurement in addition to quantitative behavioural recordings.


Author(s):  
Sweta Pandya ◽  
D.M. Bhayani ◽  
Y.L. Vyas

The morphology and morphometric study on mandibles of lion, tiger and leopard was carried out at Sakkarbaug Zoo, Junagadh (Gujarat). The mandible is formed by two symmetrical halves fused rostrally by symphysis. The alveolar border presented six alveoli for lower incisors and two large deep alveoli for canine teeth. The average length of mandible was 19.08, 17.40 and 13.54 cm in lion, tiger and leopard, with the corresponding average mandible weight of 0.338, 0.271, and 0.145 kg, respectively. However, the width of mandible was significantly more in lion (3.28 cm) than that of tiger (2.51 cm) and leopard (1.71 cm). The mandibular height up to condyle and coronoid process in lion, tiger and leopard was 4.17 and 9.24, 4.19 and 9.16, 3.04 and 7.14 cm, respectively. Both the heights were significantly higher in lion and tiger than those of leopard. The average length of symphysis-mandibularis was significantly higher in lion (6.58 cm) and tiger (6.68 cm) than leopard (4.47 cm). The mental foramina were three in tiger and two in lion and leopard, and they were deeper in lion and tiger than the leopard. The angular process was placed at caudal border of horizontal ramus and found blunt and medially curved in all three species.


Author(s):  
Meire Christina Seki ◽  
Marcos Rogério André ◽  
Adriano De Oliveira Torres Carrasco ◽  
Rosangela Zacarias Machado ◽  
Aramis Augusto Pinto

Poucos trabalhos descrevem a ocorrência dos agentes do complexo respiratório felino, Herpesvírus Felino tipo 1 (FHV-1) e Chlamydophila felis, e a coinfecção com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e leucemia viral felina (FeLV) em felinos não domésticos no Brasil. Entre 2009 e 2010, 72 amostras de swab de conjuntiva e de soro foram coletados de oito espécies de felinos não domésticos (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, Oncifelis colocolo, and Panthera onca) mantidos em cativeiro em zoológicos brasileiros. O DNA foi extraído das amostras de swab de conjuntiva para detecção de Chlamydophila sp e FHV-1 pela PCR. Anticorpos para FIV e antígeno para FeLV foram determinados pelo kit comercial de ELISA. Anticorpos para FIV foram detectados em cinco felídeos (6,9%). Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para a presença de antígeno de FeLV. Um (1,3%) dos 72 felinos não domésticos apresentou fragmentos de DNA de Chlamydophila sp e FHV-1 pela PCR. Este felino era uma jaguatirica que não apresentou anticorpos para FIV e nem antígeno para FelV. Estes resultados demonstram a ocorrência de coinfecção de C. felis e FHV-1 em uma jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) no Brasil.


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