scholarly journals REMNANT AMERICAN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA DENTATA (MARSH.) BORKH.; FAGACEAE) IN UPLAND FORESTS OF NORTHWESTERN NEW YORK

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Laport
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Historical Range

AbstractThe American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.; Fagaceae) was an historically important hardwood species in eastern deciduous forests of the United States and Canada prior to being nearly eradicated by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr). Several remnant populations have been identified persisting across fragmented parts of the historical range. The identification and characterization of remnant C. dentata populations is important for breeding and conservation efforts, as they may represent potential genetic sources of local adaptation or blight resistance, but much of the historical range remains unsurveyed. Here, I report the locations, blight infection status, and reproductive status of remnant American chestnut in upland forested areas of western New York, finding several reproductive/potentially reproductive trees.

scholarly journals Transformation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) Using RITA® Temporary Immersion Bioreactors and We Vitro Containers

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1196
Author(s):  
Linda McGuigan ◽  
Patrícia Fernandes ◽  
Allison Oakes ◽  
Kristen Stewart ◽  
William Powell
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Antifungal Protein ◽  
Semisolid Medium ◽  
Temporary Immersion

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) was almost completely wiped out by the fungal pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr. Another invasive pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is devastating American chestnuts in the southern region of the United States. An alternative approach for controlling these pathogens is to use genetic engineering or gene editing. We successfully transformed American chestnut with a detoxifying enzyme, oxalate oxidase, to enhance blight tolerance and more recently with the Cast_Gnk2-like gene, which encodes for an antifungal protein, to be tested for P. cinnamomi putative tolerance. Eight somatic embryo lines were transformed using three methods of selection: semisolid medium in Petri plates, liquid medium in RITA® temporary immersion bioreactors, or liquid medium in We Vitro containers. No significant differences were found between the treatments. These methods will allow for further testing of transgenes and the development of enhanced pathogen resistance in chestnut. It can serve as a model for other tree species threatened by invasive pests and pathogens.

Dendroecology of American chestnut in a disjunct stand of oak–chestnut forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W McEwan ◽  
Carolyn H Keiffer ◽  
Brian C McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Restoration Potential

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) was once an important hardwood species in the forests of eastern North America. Following the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr) pandemic of the early 20th century, C. dentata remains only as sprouts throughout much of its range. We conducted a dendroecological analysis of a large naturalized stand of mature C. dentata to evaluate the species' growth capacity, ecology, and restoration potential. Eestablishment of C. dentata was sporadic in the first 40 years of our chronology, followed by a disturbance-associated recruitment pulse. The species appears to be tolerant of suppression in the understory, but responded to release with rapid radial growth (>10 mm·year–1). Although its climate–growth relationships are similar to those of other hardwood species, mean radial growth of C. dentata was nearly twice that of other hardwood species found in the stand (4.7 ± 0.21 vs. 2.5 ± 0.16 mm·year–1). Chestnut blight has recently infected this stand, resulting in a sharp depression in the growth chronology of C. dentata, even when outward signs of infection were not yet visible. Observed establishment and growth patterns suggest that blight-resistant C. dentata is likely to attain dominance rapidly in forests where restoration efforts include canopy manipulations that increase light availability.

Erratum: Identification and characterization of Corynebacterium lactis isolated from Amblyomma testudinarium of Sus scrofa in Malaysia. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 23(9), 1838–1844.

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Fang Shiang Lim ◽  
Shih Keng Loong ◽  
Jing Jing Khoo ◽  
Kim Kee Tan ◽  
Nurhafiza Zainal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Research University ◽  
One Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Grants ◽  
Agency For International Development ◽  
Amblyomma Testudinarium ◽  
Identification And Characterization

AcknowledgmentsThis study was supported in parts by the research grants from University of Malaya, under the Research University Grants (RU016-2015) and (RU005-2017), and the Malaysia One Health University Network (MyOHUN) Seed Fund Award (MY/NCO/ACT/P001/SEEDFUND) provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 

Dundreary’s Whiskers

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-45
Author(s):  
Sarah Meer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Student ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Martin Chuzzlewit ◽  
The Times ◽  
Pedagogical Relationship ◽  
Great Exhibition

This chapter introduces precursors to the claimant—the theatrical Yankee and his vehicle the trip play, in which Britons travelled to the United States, or Americans to Britain. The trip plays cast light on Frances Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans, and on Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit and American Notes. In Tom Taylor’s Our American Cousin, a trip play involves a claimant, inaugurating patterns evident in the structure and characterization of subsequent claimant texts. The chapter relates mid-century transatlantic tensions to the creation and staging of Our American Cousin, as reflected in Great Exhibition dramas and the newsprint duels of The Times and the New York Herald. It also suggests that the play drew on a pedagogical relationship between Tom Taylor and an American student at Cambridge, Charles Astor Bristed.

Ex situ conservation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a review

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken McIlwrick ◽  
S. Wetzel ◽  
T. Beardmore ◽  
K. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Research Areas

Two tree species native to North America, American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), which have experienced rapid declines in their populations due to similar stressors (disease and changes in land use), are used as examples of how these species would benefit from ex situ conservation efforts. Current and past ex situ and in situ conservation efforts for these species are discussed and the focus of this review is on two key research areas: 1) what needs to be preserved (genetic information) and 2) how to preserve these trees or germplasm. Key words: butternut, American chestnut, Cryphonectria parasitica, Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, ex situ conservation

scholarly journals Resistance toPhytophthora cinnamomiin American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Backcross Populations that Descended from Two Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) Sources of Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1631-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared W. Westbrook ◽  
Joseph B. James ◽  
Paul H. Sisco ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Sunny Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Chinese Chestnut ◽  
Root Health

Restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) depends on combining resistance to both the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes Phytophthora root rot, in a diverse population of C. dentata. Over a 14-year period (2004 to 2017), survival and root health of American chestnut backcross seedlings after inoculation with P. cinnamomi were compared among 28 BC3, 66 BC4, and 389 BC3F3families that descended from two BC1trees (Clapper and Graves) with different Chinese chestnut grandparents. The 5% most resistant Graves BC3F3families survived P. cinnamomi infection at rates of 75 to 100% but had mean root health scores that were intermediate between resistant Chinese chestnut and susceptible American chestnut families. Within Graves BC3F3families, seedling survival was greater than survival of Graves BC3and BC4families and was not genetically correlated with chestnut blight canker severity. Only low to intermediate resistance to P. cinnamomi was detected among backcross descendants from the Clapper tree. Results suggest that major-effect resistance alleles were inherited by descendants from the Graves tree, that intercrossing backcross trees enhances progeny resistance to P. cinnamomi, and that alleles for resistance to P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica are not linked. To combine resistance to both C. parasitica and P. cinnamomi, a diverse Graves backcross population will be screened for resistance to P. cinnamomi, survivors bred with trees selected for resistance to C. parasitica, and progeny selected for resistance to both pathogens will be intercrossed.

scholarly journals First Report of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Laccaria ochropurpurea, Associated with Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) Roots in a Mixed-Species Plantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Morgan V. Ritzi ◽  
Stephen D. Russell ◽  
M. Catherine Aime ◽  
Gordon G. McNickle
Keyword(s):  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Mutualistic Association ◽  
Direct Confirmation

American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is critically endangered by chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. Beneficial interactions with mutualistic ectomycorrhizae sometimes confer resistance to pathogens; however, little is known about the mycorrhizal partners of American chestnut. Basidiocarps of Laccaria ochropurpurea were observed in a 10-year-old American chestnut plantation. The identity of the species was confirmed utilizing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. In spring 2018, root fragments were excised from beneath three American chestnut trees in three separate plots where basidiocarps were observed. Root tips with evidence of mycorrhizal fungal colonization were pooled, extracted, and sequenced to confirm both the plant host and mycorrhizal associates. To our knowledge, this is the first direct confirmation of American chestnut roots associated with L. ochropurpurea. We suggest further studies to investigate whether this association is common, whether it confers any disease resistance, and if this mutualistic association could be employed in restoration efforts of the American chestnut.

Molecular characterization of a gene encoding a cystatin expressed in the stems of American chestnut ( Castanea dentata )

Planta ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 215 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Connors ◽  
Nathan Laun ◽  
Charles Maynard ◽  
William Powell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Gene Encoding

scholarly journals Facilitation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Seedling Establishment byPinus virginianain Mine Restoration

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenise M. Bauman ◽  
Carolyn H. Keiffer ◽  
Shiv Hiremath
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Facilitative Effect ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Abandoned Coal Mine ◽  
Mine Restoration

This study evaluated the influence of planting sites on the establishment and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization of American chestnut (Castanea denetata(Marsh.) Borkh.) on an abandoned coal mine in an Appalachian region of the United States. Root morphotyping and sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used to identify the ECM species associated with the chestnut seedlings. Germination, survival, ECM root colonization, and growth were assessed in three habitats: forest edge, center (plots without vegetation), and pine plots (a 10-year-old planting ofPinus virginiana). Seedlings in pine plots had higher survival (38%) than the other plot types (center 9% and forest edge 5%;P=0.007). Chestnuts found colonized by ECM within the pine plots were larger (P=0.02), contributed by a larger root system (P=0.03). Forest edge and pine plots had more ECM roots than seedlings in center plots (P=0.04). ITS fungal sequences and morphotypes found among chestnut and pine matchedScleroderma, Thelephora,andPisolithussuggesting these two plant species shared ECM symbionts. Results indicated that the presence ofP. virginianahad a greater facilitative effect on growth and survival of chestnut seedlings.

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