scholarly journals Vision and locomotion shape the interactions between neuron types in mouse visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Dipoppa ◽  
Adam Ranson ◽  
Michael Krumin ◽  
Marius Pachitariu ◽  
Matteo Carandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

SummaryIn the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), sensory responses are shaped by behavioral factors such as locomotion. These factors are thought to control a disinhibitory circuit, whereby interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip) inhibit those expressing somatostatin (Sst), disinhibiting pyramidal cells (Pyr). We measured the effect of locomotion on these neurons and on interneurons expressing parvalbumin (Pvalb) in layer 2/3 of mouse V1, and found in-consistencies with the disinhibitory model. In the presence of large stimuli, locomotion increased Sst cell responses without suppressing Vip cells. In the presence of small stimuli, locomotion increased Vip cell responses without suppressing Sst cells. A circuit model could reproduce each cell type’s activity from the measured activity of other cell types, but only if we allowed locomotion to increase feedforward synaptic weights while modulating recurrent weights. These results suggest that locomotion alters cortical function by changing effective synaptic connectivity, rather than only through disinhibition.

scholarly journals A neural circuit for gamma-band coherence across the retinotopic map in mouse visual cortex

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hakim ◽  
Kiarash Shamardani ◽  
Hillel Adesnik
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Retinotopic Map

Cortical gamma oscillations have been implicated in a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and circuit-level phenomena. However, the circuit mechanisms of gamma-band generation and synchronization across cortical space remain uncertain. Using optogenetic patterned illumination in acute brain slices of mouse visual cortex, we define a circuit composed of layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal cells and somatostatin (SOM) interneurons that phase-locks ensembles across the retinotopic map. The network oscillations generated here emerge from non-periodic stimuli, and are stimulus size-dependent, coherent across cortical space, narrow band (30 Hz), and depend on SOM neuron but not parvalbumin (PV) neuron activity; similar to visually induced gamma oscillations observed in vivo. Gamma oscillations generated in separate cortical locations exhibited high coherence as far apart as 850 μm, and lateral gamma entrainment depended on SOM neuron activity. These data identify a circuit that is sufficient to mediate long-range gamma-band coherence in the primary visual cortex.

scholarly journals Pyramidal Cells Make Specific Connections onto Smooth (GABAergic) Neurons in Mouse Visual Cortex

PLoS Biology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. e1001932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Bopp ◽  
Nuno Maçarico da Costa ◽  
Björn M. Kampa ◽  
Kevan A. C. Martin ◽  
Morgane M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

Relationship between input connectivity, morphology and orientation tuning of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in mouse visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Weiler ◽  
Drago Guggiana Nilo ◽  
Tobias Bonhoeffer ◽  
Mark Hübener ◽  
Tobias Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Dendritic Complexity ◽  
Inhibitory Synaptic Input

AbstractNeocortical pyramidal cells (PCs) display functional specializations defined by their excitatory and inhibitory circuit connectivity. For layer 2/3 (L2/3) PCs, little is known about the detailed relationship between their neuronal response properties, dendritic structure and their underlying circuit connectivity at the level of single cells. Here, we ask whether L2/3 PCs in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) differ in their functional intra- and interlaminar connectivity patterns, and how this relates to differences in visual response properties. Using a combined approach, we first characterized the orientation and direction tuning of individual L2/3 PCs with in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging. Subsequently, we performed excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input mapping of the same L2/3 PCs in brain slices using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS).Our data from this structure-connectivity-function analysis show that the sources of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input are different in their laminar origin and horizontal location with respect to cell position: On average, L2/3 PCs receive more inhibition than excitation from within L2/3, whereas excitation dominates input from L4 and L5. Horizontally, inhibitory input originates from locations closer to the horizontal position of the soma, while excitatory input arises from more distant locations in L4 and L5. In L2/3, the excitatory and inhibitory inputs spatially overlap on average. Importantly, at the level of individual neurons, PCs receive inputs from presynaptic cells located spatially offset, vertically and horizontally, relative to the soma. These input offsets show a systematic correlation with the preferred orientation of the postsynaptic L2/3 PC in vivo. Unexpectedly, this correlation is higher for inhibitory input offsets within L2/3 than for excitatory input offsets. When relating the dendritic complexity of L2/3 PCs to their orientation tuning, we find that sharply tuned cells have a less complex apical tree compared to broadly tuned cells. These results indicate that the spatial input offsets of the functional input connectivity are linked to orientation preference, while the orientation selectivity of L2/3 PCs is more related to the dendritic complexity.

scholarly journals All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (37) ◽  
pp. e2105388118
Author(s):  
Daniel Severin ◽  
Su Z. Hong ◽  
Seung-Eon Roh ◽  
Shiyong Huang ◽  
Jiechao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Ocular Dominance Plasticity ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

Disinhibition is an obligatory initial step in the remodeling of cortical circuits by sensory experience. Our investigation on disinhibitory mechanisms in the classical model of ocular dominance plasticity uncovered an unexpected form of experience-dependent circuit plasticity. In the layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex, monocular deprivation triggers a complete, “all-or-none,” elimination of connections from pyramidal cells onto nearby parvalbumin-positive interneurons (Pyr→PV). This binary form of circuit plasticity is unique, as it is transient, local, and discrete. It lasts only 1 d, and it does not manifest as widespread changes in synaptic strength; rather, only about half of local connections are lost, and the remaining ones are not affected in strength. Mechanistically, the deprivation-induced loss of Pyr→PV is contingent on a reduction of the protein neuropentraxin2. Functionally, the loss of Pyr→PV is absolutely necessary for ocular dominance plasticity, a canonical model of deprivation-induced model of cortical remodeling. We surmise, therefore, that this all-or-none loss of local Pyr→PV circuitry gates experience-dependent cortical plasticity.

scholarly journals Orientation tuning depends on spatial frequency in mouse visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbal Ayzenshtat ◽  
Jesse Jackson ◽  
Rafael Yuste
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

AbstractThe response properties of neurons to sensory stimuli have been used to identify their receptive fields and functionally map sensory systems. In primary visual cortex, most neurons are selective to a particular orientation and spatial frequency of the visual stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations from the primary visual cortex of mice, we have characterized the response properties of neurons to various orientations and spatial frequencies. Surprisingly, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons actually depends on the spatial frequency of the stimulus. This dependence can be easily explained if one assumed spatially asymmetric Gabor-type receptive fields. We propose that receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex are indeed spatially asymmetric, and that this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Significance StatementIn this manuscript we demonstrate that the orientation selectivity of neurons in primary visual cortex of mouse is highly dependent on the stimulus SF. This dependence is realized quantitatively in a decrease in the selectivity strength of cells in non-optimum SF, and more importantly, it is also evident qualitatively in a shift in the preferred orientation of cells in non-optimum SF. We show that a receptive-field model of a 2D asymmetric Gabor, rather than a symmetric one, can explain this surprising observation. Therefore, we propose that the receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex are spatially asymmetric and this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Highlights–Orientation selectivity is dependent on spatial frequency.–Asymmetric Gabor model can explain this dependence.

scholarly journals Opposing forms of adaptation in mouse visual cortex are controlled by distinct inhibitory microcircuits and gated by locomotion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan G. Heintz ◽  
Antonio J. Hinojosa ◽  
Leon Lagnado
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
External World ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

SummaryCortical processing of sensory signals adjusts to changes in both the external world and the internal state of the animal. We investigated the neural circuitry by which these processes interact in the primary visual cortex of mice. An increase in contrast caused as many pyramidal cells (PCs) to sensitize as depress, reflecting the dynamics of adaptation in different types of interneuron (PV, SST and VIP). Optogenetic manipulations demonstrate that the net effect within PCs reflects the balance of PV inputs, driving depression, and a subset of SST interneurons, driving sensitization. Locomotor behaviour increased the gain of PC responses by disinhibition through both the VIP->SST and SST->PV pathways, thereby maintaining the balance between opposing forms of plasticity. These experiments reveal how inhibitory microcircuits interact to purpose different subsets of PCs for the signalling of increases or decreases in contrast while also allowing for behavioural control of gain across the population.

scholarly journals Analysis of Genome-Wide Monoallelic Expression Patterns in Three Major Cell Types of Mouse Visual Cortex Using Laser Capture Microdissection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e0163663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Yi Lin ◽  
Shih-Chuan Huang ◽  
Chun-Che Tung ◽  
Chih-Hsuan Chou ◽  
Susan Shur-Fen Gau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Laser Capture Microdissection ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Laser Capture
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