scholarly journals Stay tuned: active amplification tunes tree-cricket ears to track temperature-dependent song frequency

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Mhatre ◽  
Gerald Pollack ◽  
Andrew Mason
Keyword(s):  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Signal Characteristics ◽  
Tree Cricket ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Auditory Processes

AbstractTree cricket males produce tonal songs, used for mate-attraction and male-male interactions. Active mechanics tunes hearing to conspecific song frequency. However, tree cricket song frequency increases with temperature, presenting a problem for tuned listeners. We show that the actively amplified frequency increases with temperature, thus shifting mechanical and neuronal auditory tuning to maintain a match with conspecific song frequency. Active auditory processes are known from several taxa, but their adaptive function has rarely been demonstrated. We show that tree crickets harness active processes to ensure that auditory tuning remains matched to conspecific song frequency, despite changing environmental conditions and signal characteristics. Adaptive tuning allows tree crickets to selectively detect potential mates or rivals over large distances and is likely to bestow a strong selective advantage by reducing mate-finding effort and facilitating intermale interactions.

scholarly journals Stay tuned: active amplification tunes tree cricket ears to track temperature-dependent song frequency

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Mhatre ◽  
Gerald Pollack ◽  
Andrew Mason
Keyword(s):  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Signal Characteristics ◽  
Tree Cricket ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Auditory Processes

Tree cricket males produce tonal songs, used for mate attraction and male–male interactions. Active mechanics tunes hearing to conspecific song frequency. However, tree cricket song frequency increases with temperature, presenting a problem for tuned listeners. We show that the actively amplified frequency increases with temperature, thus shifting mechanical and neuronal auditory tuning to maintain a match with conspecific song frequency. Active auditory processes are known from several taxa, but their adaptive function has rarely been demonstrated. We show that tree crickets harness active processes to ensure that auditory tuning remains matched to conspecific song frequency, despite changing environmental conditions and signal characteristics. Adaptive tuning allows tree crickets to selectively detect potential mates or rivals over large distances and is likely to bestow a strong selective advantage by reducing mate-finding effort and facilitating intermale interactions.

Temperature Dependent Investigation on Optically Active Processes of Higher-Order Bands in Irradiated Silicon

1996 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 789-796
Author(s):  
Yi Shi ◽  
Fengmei Wu ◽  
Youdou Zheng ◽  
M. Suezawa ◽  
M. Imai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Optically Active ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Active Processes

Facultative sex allocation in the viviparous lizard Eulamprus tympanum, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie A. Robert ◽  
Michael B. Thompson ◽  
Frank Seebacher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Maternal Manipulation

Females of the Australian scincid lizard Eulamprus tympanum can manipulate the sex of their offspring in response to gender imbalances in the population using temperature-dependent sex determination. Here we show that when adult males are scarce females produced male-biased litters and when adult males were common females produced female-biased litters. The cues used by a female to assess the adult population are not known but presumably depend upon her experience throughout the breeding season. Maternal manipulation of the sex ratio of the offspring in E. tympanum illustrates a selective advantage of temperature-dependent sex determination in a viviparous species.

Dynamics of Cricket Sound Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vamsy Godthi ◽  
Rudra Pratap
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Impulsive Loading ◽  
Frequency Multiplier ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Impulse Train

The clever designs of natural transducers are a great source of inspiration for man-made systems. At small length scales, there are many transducers in nature that we are now beginning to understand and learn from. Here, we present an example of such a transducer that is used by field crickets to produce their characteristic song. This transducer uses two distinct components—a file of discrete teeth and a plectrum that engages intermittently to produce a series of impulses forming the loading, and an approximately triangular membrane, called the harp, that acts as a resonator and vibrates in response to the impulse-train loading. The file-and-plectrum act as a frequency multiplier taking the low wing beat frequency as the input and converting it into an impulse-train of sufficiently high frequency close to the resonant frequency of the harp. The forced vibration response results in beats producing the characteristic sound of the cricket song. With careful measurements of the harp geometry and experimental measurements of its mechanical properties (Young's modulus determined from nanoindentation tests), we construct a finite element (FE) model of the harp and carry out modal analysis to determine its natural frequency. We fine tune the model with appropriate elastic boundary conditions to match the natural frequency of the harp of a particular species—Gryllus bimaculatus. We model impulsive loading based on a loading scheme reported in literature and predict the transient response of the harp. We show that the harp indeed produces beats and its frequency content matches closely that of the recorded song. Subsequently, we use our FE model to show that the natural design is quite robust to perturbations in the file. The characteristic song frequency produced is unaffected by variations in the spacing of file-teeth and even by larger gaps. Based on the understanding of how this natural transducer works, one can design and fabricate efficient microscale acoustic devices such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) loudspeakers.

scholarly journals ACTIVE PROCESSES IN USUAL AFFIXATION WORD FORMATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Lukankina ◽  
Tatyana Yu Shchuklina ◽  
Leyla A. Mardieva ◽  
Heike Wapenhans
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
News Media ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the study of usual affixation word formation as one of the most important operating mechanisms in the Russian derivation system. The goal of the research is to reveal active processes and main trends in usual affixation word formation of the contemporary Russian language.W. Humboldt’s work, where the language is considered not only as a product of human activity, but as the activity itself, as well as E.A. Zemskaya's ideas concerning active and creative nature of the Russian word formation as a subsystem of the general language system.The usual affixation word formation is an actively and dynamically developing aspect of the derivation system existing in the contemporary Russian language. News media language actively uses the resources inherent in the system and the norms of the Russian language: neologisms in newspaper texts are primarily generated through the usual derivation models. It has been revealed that the most productive affixation means of the usual innovations generation comprise the following: suffixation, prefixation, zero-suffixation and affixation-like word formation, wherein the most popular one is suffixation. At the present stage of the Russian language development we witness an increase in adaptive function of word formation types. Joining native Russian affixes to the borrowed stems appears to be one the most productive patterns in the contemporary usual affixation word building, where suffixation is the most demanding one. The research results obtained can contribute to the development of the lexical derivatology, lexical semantics, neology, and language stylistics problems. The promising character of elaborating the declared subject is conditioned by the language processes in mass media activation, which will probably require further study of neologization aspects in mass media texts in the nearest future, making possible to explore the functional and pragmatic potential in word formation resources of the contemporary Russian language.

scholarly journals Temperature-dependent shift of pHi in fish white muscle: contributions of passive and active processes

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. R84-R89
Author(s):  
P. L. Van Dijk ◽  
I. Hardewig ◽  
H. O. Portner
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Passive Component ◽  
Muscle Proteins ◽  
Cell Water ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Zoarces Viviparus ◽  
Intracellular Proteins ◽  
Good Accordance ◽  
Buffer Value ◽  
Active Processes

This study was designed to determine the mechanisms causing temperature-induced pH shifts in the white muscle of the marine teleost Zoarces viviparus. The white musculature undergoes an intracellular acidification with increasing body temperature at a slope of the pH-temperature relationship equal to -0.016 +/- 0.003 U/degree C. This is in good accordance with the overall relationship between the change in pK and the change in temperature of the intracellular proteins, which was determined to be -0.013 +/- 0.001 U/degree C. Thus the dissociation state of muscle proteins is kept fairly constant in white muscle of Zoarces viviparus. The passive component of the observed pH shift, which is due to the physicochemical response of the intracellular buffers to temperature change, accounts for only 35% of the pH transition. Ventilatory adjustment of intracellular PCO2 does not contribute to the temperature-induced shift of intracellular pH (pHi) in Zoarces viviparus. Therefore, the remaining 65% of pH adjustment must be ascribed to ion exchange mechanisms. The nonbicarbonate buffer value amounted to 34.4 +/- 2.3 meq.pH-1 kg cell water-1 at 12 degrees C and decreased slightly but not significantly with temperature. On the basis of our data we calculated that a removal of 0.52 mmol base equivalents.kg cell water-1.degree C-1 was necessary to shift pHi to its new steady state.

(111) Monocrystalline Nickel Films

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
T.E. Pratt ◽  
R.W. Vook
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Residual Pressure ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

(111) oriented thin monocrystalline Ni films have been prepared by vacuum evaporation and examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. In high vacuum, at room temperature, a layer of NaCl was first evaporated onto a freshly air-cleaved muscovite substrate clamped to a copper block with attached heater and thermocouple. Then, at various substrate temperatures, with other parameters held within a narrow range, Ni was evaporated from a tungsten filament. It had been shown previously that similar procedures would yield monocrystalline films of CU, Ag, and Au.For the films examined with respect to temperature dependent effects, typical deposition parameters were: Ni film thickness, 500-800 A; Ni deposition rate, 10 A/sec.; residual pressure, 10-6 torr; NaCl film thickness, 250 A; and NaCl deposition rate, 10 A/sec. Some additional evaporations involved higher deposition rates and lower film thicknesses.Monocrystalline films were obtained with substrate temperatures above 500° C. Below 450° C, the films were polycrystalline with a strong (111) preferred orientation.

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