scholarly journals Long term recordings with immobile silicon probes in the mouse cortex

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Okun ◽  
Matteo Carandini ◽  
Kenneth D. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
High Count ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Chronic Recording ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Silicon Probes

AbstractA key experimental approach in neuroscience involves measuring neuronal activity in behaving animals with extracellular chronic recordings. Such chronic recordings were initially made with single electrodes and tetrodes, and are now increasingly performed with high-density, high-count silicon probes. A common way to achieve long-term chronic recording is to attach the probes to microdrives that progressively advance them into the brain and isolate them from mechanical forces. Here we report, however, that such microdrives are not strictly necessary. Indeed, we obtained high-quality recordings in both head-fixed and freely moving mice for several months following the implantation of immobile chronic probes. Probes implanted into the primary visual cortex yielded well-isolated single units whose spike waveform and orientation tuning were highly reproducible over time. Although electrode drift was not completely absent, at least 70% of neurons retained their waveform across days. Thus, immobile silicon probes represent a straightforward and reliable technique to obtain stable, long-term population recordings in mice, and to follow the activity of populations of well-isolated neurons over multiple days.

scholarly journals An approach for long-term, multi-probe Neuropixels recordings in unrestrained rats

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zhihao Luo ◽  
Adrian Gopnik Bondy ◽  
Diksha Gupta ◽  
Verity Alexander Elliott ◽  
Charles D Kopec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Chronic Recording ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Multiple Cycles ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
High Yields

The use of Neuropixels probes for chronic neural recordings is in its infancy and initial studies leave questions about long-term stability and probe reusability unaddressed. Here, we demonstrate a new approach for chronic Neuropixels recordings over a period of months in freely moving rats. Our approach allows multiple probes per rat and multiple cycles of probe reuse. We found that hundreds of units could be recorded for multiple months, but that yields depended systematically on anatomical position. Explanted probes displayed a small increase in noise compared to unimplanted probes, but this was insufficient to impair future single-unit recordings. We conclude that cost-effective, multi-region, and multi-probe Neuropixels recordings can be carried out with high yields over multiple months in rats or other similarly sized animals. Our methods and observations may facilitate the standardization of chronic recording from Neuropixels probes in freely moving animals.

scholarly journals NeuroRoots, a bio-inspired, seamless Brain Machine Interface device for long-term recording

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D. Ferro ◽  
Christopher M. Proctor ◽  
Alexander Gonzalez ◽  
Eric Zhao ◽  
Andrea Slezia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Brain Machine Interface ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Integrative Level ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMinimally invasive electrodes of cellular scale that approach a bio-integrative level of neural recording could enable the development of scalable brain machine interfaces that stably interface with the same neural populations over long period of time.In this paper, we designed and created NeuroRoots, a bio-mimetic multi-channel implant sharing similar dimension (10µm wide, 1.5µm thick), mechanical flexibility and spatial distribution as axon bundles in the brain. A simple approach of delivery is reported based on the assembly and controllable immobilization of the electrode onto a 35µm microwire shuttle by using capillarity and surface-tension in aqueous solution. Once implanted into targeted regions of the brain, the microwire was retracted leaving NeuroRoots in the biological tissue with minimal surgical footprint and perturbation of existing neural architectures within the tissue. NeuroRoots was implanted using a platform compatible with commercially available electrophysiology rigs and with measurements of interests in behavioral experiments in adult rats freely moving into maze. We demonstrated that NeuroRoots electrodes reliably detected action potentials for at least 7 weeks and the signal amplitude and shape remained relatively constant during long-term implantation.This research represents a step forward in the direction of developing the next generation of seamless brain-machine interface to study and modulate the activities of specific sub-populations of neurons, and to develop therapies for a plethora of neurological diseases.

Spinal and Supraspinal Effects of Long-Term Stimulation of Sensorimotor Cortex in Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yang Chen ◽  
Shreejith Pillai ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Spinal Cord Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sensorimotor cortex (SMC) modifies spinal cord reflex function throughout life and is essential for operant conditioning of the H-reflex. To further explore this long-term SMC influence over spinal cord function and its possible clinical uses, we assessed the effect of long-term SMC stimulation on the soleus H-reflex. In freely moving rats, the soleus H-reflex was measured 24 h/day for 12 wk. The soleus background EMG and M response associated with H-reflex elicitation were kept stable throughout. SMC stimulation was delivered in a 20-day-on/20-day-off/20-day-on protocol in which a train of biphasic 1-ms pulses at 25 Hz for 1 s was delivered every 10 s for the on-days. The SMC stimulus was automatically adjusted to maintain a constant descending volley. H-reflex size gradually increased during the 20 on-days, stayed high during the 20 off-days, and rose further during the next 20 on-days. In addition, the SMC stimulus needed to maintain a stable descending volley rose steadily over days. It fell during the 20 off-days and rose again when stimulation resumed. These results suggest that SMC stimulation, like H-reflex operant conditioning, induces activity-dependent plasticity in both the brain and the spinal cord and that the plasticity responsible for the H-reflex increase persists longer after the end of SMC stimulation than that underlying the change in the SMC response to stimulation.

scholarly journals Global enhancement of cortical excitability following coactivation of large neuronal populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (33) ◽  
pp. 20254-20264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Zhang ◽  
Xingjian Yan ◽  
Liang She ◽  
Yunqing Wen ◽  
Mu-ming Poo
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
The Brain

Correlated activation of cortical neurons often occurs in the brain and repetitive correlated neuronal firing could cause long-term modifications of synaptic efficacy and intrinsic excitability. We found that repetitive optogenetic activation of neuronal populations in the mouse cortex caused enhancement of optogenetically evoked firing of local coactivated neurons as well as distant cortical neurons in both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. This global enhancement of evoked responses required coactivation of a sufficiently large population of neurons either within one cortical area or distributed in several areas. Enhancement of neuronal firing was saturable after repeated episodes of coactivation, diminished by inhibition ofN-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, and accompanied by elevated excitatory postsynaptic potentials, all consistent with activity-induced synaptic potentiation. Chemogenetic inhibition of neuronal activity of the thalamus decreased the enhancement effect, suggesting thalamic involvement. Thus, correlated excitation of large neuronal populations leads to global enhancement of neuronal excitability.

scholarly journals An approach for long-term, multi-probe Neuropixels recordings in unrestrained rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zhihao Luo ◽  
Adrian G. Bondy ◽  
Diksha Gupta ◽  
Verity A. Elliott ◽  
Charles D. Kopec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Chronic Recording ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Multiple Cycles ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
High Yields

AbstractThe use of Neuropixels probes for chronic neural recordings is in its infancy and initial studies leave questions about long-term stability and probe reusability unaddressed. Here we demonstrate a new approach for chronic Neuropixels recordings over a period of months in freely moving rats. Our approach allows multiple probes per rat and multiple cycles of probe reuse. We found that hundreds of units could be recorded for multiple months, but that yields depended systematically on anatomical position. Explanted probes displayed a small increase in noise compared to unimplanted probes, but this was insufficient to impair future single-unit recordings. We conclude that cost-effective, multi-region, and multi-probe Neuropixels recordings can be carried out with high yields over multiple months in rats or other similarly sized animals. Our methods and observations may facilitate the standardization of chronic recording from Neuropixels probes in freely moving animals.

scholarly journals Long Term Recordings with Immobile Silicon Probes in the Mouse Cortex

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e0151180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Okun ◽  
Armin Lak ◽  
Matteo Carandini ◽  
Kenneth D. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Silicon Probes

scholarly journals A fully adapted headstage for electrophysiological experiments with custom and scalable electrode arrays to record widely distributed brain regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Afonso Gonçalves Mourão ◽  
Leonardo de Oliveira Guarnieri ◽  
Paulo Aparecido Amaral Júnior ◽  
Vinícius Rezende Carvalho ◽  
Eduardo Mazoni Andrade Marçal Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Tungsten Electrode ◽  
Neural Ensembles ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Cranial Implants ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTElectrophysiological recordings lead amongst the techniques that aim to investigate the dynamics of neural activity sampled from large neural ensembles. However, the financial costs associated with the state-of-the-art technology used to manufacture probes and multi-channel recording systems make these experiments virtually inaccessible to small laboratories, especially if located in developing countries. Here, we describe a new method for implanting several tungsten electrode arrays, widely distributed over the brain. Moreover, we designed a headstage system, using the Intan® RHD2000 chipset, associated with a connector (replacing the expensive commercial Omnetics connector), that allows the usage of disposable and cheap cranial implants. Our results showed high-quality multichannel recording in freely moving animals (detecting local field, evoked responses and unit activities) and robust mechanical connections ensuring long-term continuous recordings. Our project represents an open source and inexpensive alternative to develop customized extracellular records from multiple brain regions.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy - to examine potential vaccine neurological harms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter R. Breggin
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Vaccines

BACKGROUND: The vaccine/autism controversy has caused vast scientific and public confusion, and it has set back research and education into genuine vaccine-induced neurological disorders. The great strawman of autism has been so emphasized by the vaccine industry that it, and it alone, often appears in authoritative discussions of adverse effects of the MMR and other vaccines. By dismissing the chimerical vaccine/autism controversy, vaccine defenders often dismiss all genuinely neurological aftereffects of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and other vaccines, including well-documented events, such as relatively rare cases of encephalopathy and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: This report explains that autism is not a physical or neurological disorder. It is not caused by injury or disease of the brain. It is a developmental disorder that has no physical origins and no physical symptoms. It is extremely unlikely that vaccines are causing autism; but it is extremely likely that they are causing more neurological damage than currently appreciated, some of it resulting in psychosocial disabilities that can be confused with autism and other psychosocial disorders. This confusion between a developmental, psychosocial disorder and a physical neurological disease has played into the hands of interest groups who want to deny that vaccines have any neurological and associated neuropsychiatric effects. METHODS: A review of the scientific literature, textbooks, and related media commentary is integrated with basic clinical knowledge. RESULTS: This report shows how scientific sources have used the vaccine/autism controversy to avoid dealing with genuine neurological risks associated with vaccines and summarizes evidence that vaccines, including the MMR, can cause serious neurological disorders. Manufacturers have been allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to gain vaccine approval without placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The misleading vaccine autism controversy must be set aside in favor of examining actual neurological harms associated with vaccines, including building on existing research that has been ignored. Manufacturers of vaccines must be required to conduct placebo-controlled clinical studies for existing vaccines and for government approval of new vaccines. Many probable or confirmed neurological adverse events occur within a few days or weeks after immunization and could be detected if the trials were sufficiently large. Contrary to current opinion, large, long-term placebo-controlled trials of existing and new vaccines would be relatively easy and safe to conduct.

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