scholarly journals Division of Labor in Hand Usage Is Associated with Higher Hand Performance in Free-Ranging Bonnet Macaques, Macaca radiate

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhur Mangalam ◽  
Nisarg Desai ◽  
Mewa Singh
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Asymmetric System ◽  
Hand Performance ◽  
Motor Dexterity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Better Than

Lateral asymmetries in body, brain, and cognition are ubiquitous among organisms. Asymmetries in motor-action patterns are a central theme of investigation, among others, as they are likely to have shaped primate evolution, and more specifically, their motor dexterity. Using an adaptationist approach one would argue that these asymmetries were evolutionarily selected because no bilateral organism can maneuver in three-dimensional space unless any one side becomes dominant and always takes the lead. However, which side becomes dominant is beyond the scope of this hypothesis as there is no apparent advantage or disadvantage associated with either the left or the right side. Both the evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of asymmetries in motor-action patterns remain largely unexplored. In the present study, we mathematically model how an asymmetry at a lower level could stimulate as well as govern asymmetries at the next higher level, and this process might reiterate; ultimately lateralizing the whole system. We then show by comparing two systems: one incorporating symmetric and the other incorporating asymmetric motor-action patterns, that (a) the asymmetric system performs better than the symmetric one in terms of time optimization, and (b) as the complexity of the task increases the advantage associated with asymmetries in the motor-action patterns increases. Our minimal model theoretically explains how lateral asymmetries could appear and evolve in a biological system using a systems theory approach.

scholarly journals Prenatal Diagnosis of EEC Syndrome with “Lobster Claw” Anomaly by 3D Ultrasound

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia T. Rios ◽  
Edward Araujo ◽  
Ana C. R. Caetano ◽  
Luciano M. Nardozza ◽  
Antonio F. Moron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Eec Syndrome ◽  
Cleft Lip Palate ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Genetic Anomaly ◽  
Better Than

The EEC syndrome is a genetic anomaly characterized by the triad: ectodermal dysplasia (development of anomalies of the structures derived from the embryonic ectodermal layer), ectrodactyly (extremities, hands and feet malformations) and cleft lip and/or palate; these malformations can be seen together or in isolation. The prenatal diagnosis can be made by two-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS) that identifies the facial and/or limb anomalies, most characteristic being the “lobster-claw” hands. The three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) provides a better analysis of the malformations than the 2DUS. A 25-year-old primigravida, had her first transvaginal ultrasonography that showed an unique fetus with crow-rump length of 47 mm with poorly defined hands and feet,. She was suspected of having sporadic form of EEC syndrome. The 2DUS performed at 19 weeks confirmed the EEC syndrome, showing a fetus with lobster-claw hands (absence of the 2nd and 3rd fingers), left foot with the absence of the 3rd toe and the right foot with syndactyly, and presence of cleft lip/palate. The 3DUS defined the anomalies much better than 2DUS including the lobster-claw hands.

scholarly journals Division of Labor in Hand Usage Is Associated with Higher Hand Performance in Free-Ranging Bonnet Macaques,Macaca radiata

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhur Mangalam ◽  
Nisarg Desai ◽  
Mewa Singh
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Macaca Radiata ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Bonnet Macaques ◽  
Hand Performance ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Performance Differentiation

A practical approach to understanding lateral asymmetries in body, brain, and cognition would be to examine the performance advantages/disadvantages associated with the corresponding functions and behavior. In the present study, we examined whether the division of labor in hand usage, marked by the preferential usage of the two hands across manual operations requiring maneuvering in three-dimensional space (e.g., reaching for food, grooming, and hitting an opponent) and those requiring physical strength (e.g., climbing), as described by Mangalam et al. [1], is associated with higher hand performance in free-ranging bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata. We determined the extent to which (a) the macaques exhibit laterality in hand usage in an experimental unimanual and a bimanual food-reaching task, and (b) manual laterality is associated with hand performance in an experimental hand-performance-differentiation task. We found strong negative relationships between (a) the performance of the preferred hand in the hand-performance-differentiation task (measured as the latency in food extraction; lower latency = higher performance), the preferred hand determined using the bimanual food-reaching task, and the normalized difference in the performance between the two hands (measured as the difference in the latency in food extraction between them normalized by the latency in food extraction using the preferred hand), and (b) the normalized difference in the performance between the two hands and the manual specialization (measured as the absolute difference in the laterality in hand usage between the unimanual and the bimanual food-reaching tasks; lesser difference = higher manual specialization). These observations demonstrate that the division of labor between the two hands is associated with higher hand performance.

Stereopsis and the Representation of Space

Perception ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Klein
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Picture Plane ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
System A ◽  
Mental Rotations ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Four stereoblind and four normal subjects were tested on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesized that, if stereopsis is an important input for building up the perceptual system that represents three-dimensional space, then subjects lacking it ought to be deficient at mental rotations in depth. Stereoblind subjects were equally efficient at picture-plane and depth rotations, and were nonsignificantly better than normal subjects at rotations in depth. It was concluded that in the absence of stereopsis other cues are sufficient for the development of the ‘three-dimensional’ perceptual system. A puzzling paradox was raised, however, by the finding that the introspections of the two groups differed markedly.

scholarly journals The sophisticated visual system of a tiny Cambrian crustacean: analysis of a stalked fossil compound eye

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1732) ◽  
pp. 1335-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Schoenemann ◽  
Christopher Castellani ◽  
Euan N. K. Clarkson ◽  
Joachim T. Haug ◽  
Andreas Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Deep Cavities

Fossilized compound eyes from the Cambrian, isolated and three-dimensionally preserved, provide remarkable insights into the lifestyle and habitat of their owners. The tiny stalked compound eyes described here probably possessed too few facets to form a proper image, but they represent a sophisticated system for detecting moving objects. The eyes are preserved as almost solid, mace-shaped blocks of phosphate, in which the original positions of the rhabdoms in one specimen are retained as deep cavities. Analysis of the optical axes reveals four visual areas, each with different properties in acuity of vision. They are surveyed by lenses directed forwards, laterally, backwards and inwards, respectively. The most intriguing of these is the putatively inwardly orientated zone, where the optical axes, like those orientated to the front, interfere with axes of the other eye of the contralateral side. The result is a three-dimensional visual net that covers not only the front, but extends also far laterally to either side. Thus, a moving object could be perceived by a two-dimensional coordinate (which is formed by two axes of those facets, one of the left and one of the right eye, which are orientated towards the moving object) in a wide three-dimensional space. This compound eye system enables small arthropods equipped with an eye of low acuity to estimate velocity, size or distance of possible food items efficiently. The eyes are interpreted as having been derived from individuals of the early crustacean Henningsmoenicaris scutula pointing to the existence of highly efficiently developed eyes in the early evolutionary lineage leading towards the modern Crustacea.

scholarly journals Minimum action principle and shape dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (130) ◽  
pp. 20170031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Koehl
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Shape Recognition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

In this paper, we propose a new method for computing a distance between two shapes embedded in three-dimensional space. Instead of comparing directly the geometric properties of the two shapes, we measure the cost of deforming one of the two shapes into the other. The deformation is computed as the geodesic between the two shapes in the space of shapes. The geodesic is found as a minimizer of the Onsager–Machlup action, based on an elastic energy for shapes that we define. Its length is set to be the integral of the action along that path; it defines an intrinsic quasi-metric on the space of shapes. We illustrate applications of our method to geometric morphometrics using three datasets representing bones and teeth of primates. Experiments on these datasets show that the variational quasi-metric we have introduced performs remarkably well both in shape recognition and in identifying evolutionary patterns, with success rates similar to, and in some cases better than, those obtained by expert observers.

scholarly journals The effect of object type on building scene imagery – an MEG study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Monk ◽  
Gareth R. Barnes ◽  
Eleanor A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Scene Construction ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have reported that some objects evoke a sense of local three-dimensional space (space-defining; SD), while others do not (space-ambiguous; SA), despite being imagined or viewed in isolation devoid of a background context. Moreover, people show a strong preference for SD objects when given a choice of objects with which to mentally construct scene imagery. When deconstructing scenes, people retain significantly more SD objects than SA objects. It therefore seems that SD objects might enjoy a privileged role in scene construction. In the current study, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to compare the neural responses to SD and SA objects while they were being used to build imagined scene representations, as this has not been examined before using neuroimaging. On each trial, participants gradually built a scene image from three successive auditorily-presented object descriptions and an imagined 3D space. We then examined the neural dynamics associated with the points during scene construction when either SD or SA objects were being imagined. We found that SD objects elicited theta changes relative to SA objects in two brain regions, the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and right superior temporal gyrus (STG). Furthermore, using dynamic causal modelling, we observed that the vmPFC drove STG activity. These findings may indicate that SD objects serve to activate schematic and conceptual knowledge in vmPFC and STG upon which scene representations are then built.

scholarly journals Using a Computational Approach for Generalizing a Consensus Measure to Likert Scales of Any Size n

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Abdal Rahem ◽  
Marjorie Darrah
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Group Consensus ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Consensus Measure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Better Than

There are many consensus measures that can be computed using Likert data. Although these measures should work with any number n of choices on the Likert scale, the measurements have been most widely studied and demonstrated for n = 5. One measure of consensus introduced by Akiyama et al. for n = 5 and theoretically generalized to all n depends on both the mean and variance and gives results that can differentiate between some group consensus behavior patterns better than other measures that rely on either just the mean or just the variance separately. However, this measure is more complicated and not easy to apply and understand. This paper addresses these two common problems by introducing a new computational method to find the measure of consensus that works for any number of Likert item choices. The novelty of the approach is that it uses computational methods in n-dimensional space. Numerical examples in three-dimensional (for n=6) and four-dimensional (for n=7) spaces are provided in this paper to assure the agreement of the computational and theoretical approach outputs.

scholarly journals Emotion Recognition: An Evaluation of ERP Features Acquired from Frontal EEG Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4131
Author(s):  
Moon Inder Singh ◽  
Mandeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Emotion Classification ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The challenge to develop an affective Brain Computer Interface requires the understanding of emotions psychologically, physiologically as well as analytically. To make the analysis and classification of emotions possible, emotions have been represented in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space represented by arousal and valence domains or arousal, valence and dominance domains, respectively. This paper presents the classification of emotions into four classes in an arousal–valence plane using the orthogonal nature of emotions. The average Event Related Potential (ERP) attributes and differential of average ERPs acquired from the frontal region of 24 subjects have been used to classify emotions into four classes. The attributes acquired from the frontal electrodes, viz., Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F8 and Fz, have been used for developing a classifier. The four-class subject-independent emotion classification results in the range of 67–83% have been obtained. Using three classifiers, a mid-range accuracy of 85% has been obtained, which is considerably better than existing studies on ERPs.

scholarly journals Quantification of Contralateral Differences of the Scaphoid: A Comparison of Bone Geometry in Three Dimensions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Letta ◽  
Andreas Schweizer ◽  
Philipp Fürnstahl
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bone Geometry ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Surface Deviation ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to accurately quantify contralateral differences of the scaphoid in three-dimensional space to evaluate the feasibility of using the healthy contralateral bone as a reconstruction template in the preoperative planning of complex mal- or nonunions. Three-dimensional surface models of the left and right scaphoids were reconstructed from computed tomography images and compared in 26 individuals. Left-right differences were quantified with respect to volume, surface area, length, and surface-to-surface deviation. The average left-right differences in volume, surface area, and length were 95.4 mm3 (SD 66.2 mm3), 32.7 mm2 (SD 22.9 mm32), and 0.28 mm (SD 0.4 mm), respectively. The average surface-to-surface deviation between the sides was 0.26 mm (SD 0.2 mm). High statistical correlation (Pearson) between the left and the right side was found in all evaluated measures.

scholarly journals Representation Activity of The Right and Left Hemispheres of the Brain

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Nikolaenko ◽  
A. Y. Egorov ◽  
E. A. Freiman
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Manic State ◽  
Near Space ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Electroconvulsive Seizure

Drawings by psychiatric patients were studied in various states (i) in depression; (ii) after neuroleptic injection; and (iii) during left hemisphere suppression induced by unilateral electroconvulsive seizure (UES). In these states, right hemisphere activation predominates. The results of the study demonstrate that, under the predominance of right hemisphere activation over the left hemisphere, there is a tendency to reproduce the image of the object and to represent it in near space. Drawings by psychiatric patients were also investigated in (i) the manic state; (ii) after injection of psychotropic drugs which improved the mood; and (iii) during right hemisphere suppression following right-sided UES. Under these conditions, left hemisphere activation predominates and the drawings loose the illusion of three-dimensional space. A tendency to reproduce the knowledge and the ideas of the object and to represent it in distant space was observed. Thus, both hemispheres may represent space and elaborate perceptive and conceptional models of the world in different ways. It is probable that different types of representation are based on global (right-hemispheric) in comparison with focal (left-hemispheric) attention to space.

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