scholarly journals Production of systemically circulating Hedgehog by the intestine couples nutrition to growth and development

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rodenfels ◽  
Oksana Lavrynenko ◽  
Sophie Ayciriex ◽  
Julio L Sampaio ◽  
Maria Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Signaling Protein ◽  
Endocrine Hormone ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Rates Of Growth

In Drosophila larvae, growth and developmental timing are regulated by nutrition in a tightly coordinated fashion. The networks that couple these processes are far from understood. Here, we show that the intestine responds to nutrient availability by regulating production of a circulating lipoprotein-associated form of the signaling protein Hedgehog (Hh). Levels of circulating Hh tune the rates of growth and developmental timing in a coordinated fashion. Circulating Hh signals to the fat body to control larval growth. It regulates developmental timing by controlling ecdysteroid production in the prothoracic gland. Circulating Hh is especially important during starvation, when it is also required for mobilization of fat body triacylglycerol (TAG) stores. Thus, we demonstrate that Hh, previously known only for its local morphogenetic functions, also acts as a lipoprotein-associated endocrine hormone, coordinating the response of multiple tissues to nutrient availability.

scholarly journals Adipose mitochondrial metabolism controls body growth by modulating cytokine and insulin signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrivani Sriskanthadevan-Pirahas ◽  
Michael J Turingan ◽  
Joel S Chahal ◽  
Erin Thorson ◽  
Savraj Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Mitochondrial Metabolism ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Drosophila Larvae

Animals need to adapt their growth to fluctuations in nutrient availability to ensure proper development and survival. These adaptations often rely on specific nutrient-sensing tissues and their control of whole-body physiology through inter-organ communication. While the signaling mechanisms that underlie this communication are well studied, the contributions of metabolic alterations in the nutrient-sensing tissues are less clear. Here, we show how reprogramming of adipose mitochondrial metabolism controls whole-body growth in Drosophila larvae. We find that dietary nutrients alter fat body mitochondrial morphology to lower their bioenergetic activity, which we see can rewire fat body glucose metabolism. Strikingly, we find that genetic reduction of mitochondrial bioenergetics just in the fat body is sufficient to accelerate body growth and development. These growth effects are caused by inhibition of the fat-derived adipokine, TNFα/Eiger, which leads to enhanced systemic insulin signaling, the main hormonal stimulator of body growth. Our work reveals how reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism in one nutrient-sensing tissue is able to couple whole body growth to nutrient availability.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITH PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (FALL.), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.): III. EFFECTS OF NINETEEN AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. House
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Feeding tests with the parasite Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) reared aseptically on chemically defined media showed that food lacking l-arginine, l-histidine, dl-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-lysine, dl-methionine, dl-phenylalanine, dl-threonine, dl-tryptophane, or dl-valine failed to support larval growth beyond the first instar. Omitting glycine from the diet lowered the rate of growth and permitted only a small number of individuals to develop beyond the first instar. There were statistically significant differences between the rates of growth on the control diets and on diets lacking dl-alanine, glycine, dl-serine, or l-tyrosine. When dl-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, l-hydroxyproline, or l-proline was omitted from the food, larval growth and development were not affected.

Physiology of Larval Feeding

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass and promote development of larvae differ and are variably known among groups. Differences in the physiology of the digestive system (secreted enzymes, gut transit time, and assimilation) within and among feeding larvae suggest the possibility of an underappreciated plasticity of digestive physiology. How the ingestion of seawater by and the existence of a circulatory system within larvae contribute to larval growth and development represent important topics for future research.

Rates of growth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on different substrates gathered by the ants

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mudd ◽  
G. L. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Rates Of Growth

AbstractGrowth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) on extracts of plants selected by the ants was shown to be affected by the plant species, the pH of the extract, the concentration of the sap or plant extract and pretreatment of the substrate by the ants. It was not possible to establish an unambiguous relationship between the rate of growth of the fungus on leaf extracts and the foraging preferences of the ants for the leaves. There were indications, however, that the fungus grows most rapidly on extracts of plant material preferred by A. cephalotes. Relative growth rates of the fungus on different substrates may be related to the presence of growth inhibitors rather than to nutrient availability.

scholarly journals Sugar promotes vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by repressing the expression of MIR156A and MIR156C

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Mingli Xu ◽  
Yeonjong Koo ◽  
Jia He ◽  
R Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Adult Transition ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Exogenous Sugar ◽  
Signaling Activity

Nutrients shape the growth, maturation, and aging of plants and animals. In plants, the juvenile to adult transition (vegetative phase change) is initiated by a decrease in miR156. In Arabidopsis, we found that exogenous sugar decreased the abundance of miR156, whereas reduced photosynthesis increased the level of this miRNA. This effect was correlated with a change in the timing of vegetative phase change, and was primarily attributable to a change in the expression of two genes, MIR156A and MIR156C, which were found to play dominant roles in this transition. The glucose-induced repression of miR156 was dependent on the signaling activity of HEXOKINASE1. We also show that the defoliation-induced increase in miR156 levels can be suppressed by exogenous glucose. These results provide a molecular link between nutrient availability and developmental timing in plants, and suggest that sugar is a component of the leaf signal that mediates vegetative phase change.

Modern Problems in Pediatrics, The Growth of the Normal Child during the First Three Years of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-371
Author(s):  
R. S. ILLINGWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Normal Child ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Fat Tissue

This volume is devoted to the proceedings of an international seminar in Zurich organized by the International Children's Centre, and attended by about 112 experts from 26 countries. The seminar was devoted to the growth of the normal child in his first three years. The subjects discussed include the assessment of physical growth, including the growth of fat, body density, muscle, and bone; the assessment of skeletal maturation; the chemistry of growth and development; the early diagnosis of mental deficiency, and the value of developmental tests; and psychological development. It is almost invidious to pick out a few contributions as being of especial value; they would include the papers on "the influence of environment on growth" by Marcel Graffar of Belgium, "nutritional growth" by Dean of Kampala, "the accurate prediction of growth and adult height" by Nancy Bavley of Bethesda, "the growth of fat tissue" by Harold Stuart and co-workers, and "the biochemistry of the child during the first three years" by Tanner of London.

scholarly journals The AMPK-PP2A axis in insect fat body is activated by 20-hydroxyecdysone to antagonize insulin/IGF signaling and restrict growth rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (17) ◽  
pp. 9292-9301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwei Yuan ◽  
Shun Zhou ◽  
Suning Liu ◽  
Kang Li ◽  
Haigang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Growth Factor Signaling ◽  
Phosphatase 2A

In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) limits the growth period by triggering developmental transitions; 20E also modulates the growth rate by antagonizing insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Previous work has shown that 20E cross-talks with IIS, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we found that, in both the silkworm Bombyx mori and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, 20E antagonized IIS through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) axis in the fat body and suppressed the growth rate. During Bombyx larval molt or Drosophila pupariation, high levels of 20E activate AMPK, a molecular sensor that maintains energy homeostasis in the insect fat body. In turn, AMPK activates PP2A, which further dephosphorylates insulin receptor and protein kinase B (AKT), thus inhibiting IIS. Activation of the AMPK-PP2A axis and inhibition of IIS in the Drosophila fat body reduced food consumption, resulting in the restriction of growth rate and body weight. Overall, our study revealed an important mechanism by which 20E antagonizes IIS in the insect fat body to restrict the larval growth rate, thereby expanding our understanding of the comprehensive regulatory mechanisms of final body size in animals.

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