scholarly journals An Intensified Esterification Process of Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate Catalyzed by Delipidated Rice Bran Lipase

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1124-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fui Chin Chong ◽  
Beng Ti Tey ◽  
Zanariah Mohd. Dom ◽  
Nordin Ibrahim ◽  
Russly Abd. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Packed Bed Reactor ◽  
Silica Gels ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Rice Bran Lipase ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

An intensified esterification process was operated by circulating 10 l of reaction mixtures, consisting of palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and glycerol in hexane, through a packed-bed reactor (PBR) filled with 10 kg of delipidated rice bran lipase (RBL). The influence of the process parameters, such as reaction temperature and type of water-removal agent, on the performance of this intensified esterification process were investigated. The highest degree of esterification (61%) was achieved at a reaction temperature of 65°C, using silica gels as the water-removal agent. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis showed that the major composition of the esterified product was diacylglycerol.

scholarly journals Rice bran lipase catalyzed esterification of palm oil fatty acid distillate and glycerol in organic solvent

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fui Chin Chong ◽  
Beng Ti Tey ◽  
Zanariah Mohd Dom ◽  
Kok Hing Cheong ◽  
Budiatman Satiawihardja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rice Bran Lipase ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Rice bran lipase catalyzed esterification of palm oil fatty acid distillate and glycerol in organic solvent

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-462
Author(s):  
Fui Chin Chong ◽  
Being Ti Tey ◽  
Zanariah Mohd Dom ◽  
Kok Hing Cheong ◽  
Budiatman Satiawihardja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rice Bran Lipase ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Microalgae Chlorella sp. using Activated Carbon as Catalyst for Biofuel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Viqhi Aswie ◽  
Lailatul Qadariyah ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Packed Bed Reactor ◽  
Carbon Catalyst ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Conventional Pyrolysis ◽  
Fraction Yield

Microalgae, as a potential raw material for biofuel, has several advantages compared to other biomass. One effective way to convert microalgae into biofuel is by thermal cracking or pyrolysis, and using a catalyst or not. So far, studies on the use of microalgae, that are converted into biofuels, is still use highly concentrated catalysts in packed bed reactors, which is not economical. Therefore, the aim of this study is to convert Chlorella sp. into biofuels with conventional pyrolysis without and using an activated carbon catalyst using packed bed reactor with bubble column. The reaction temperature is 400–600 °C, pyrolysis time is 1–4 hours, and the active carbon catalyst concentration is 0–2%. The 200 grams of Chlorella sp. and the catalyst was mixed in a fixed bed reactor under vacuum (−3 mm H20) condition. Next, we set the reaction temperature. When the temperature was reached, the pyrolysis was begun. After certain time was reached, the pyrolysis produced a liquid oil product. Oil products are measured for density and viscosity. The results showed that the conventional pyrolysis succeeded in converting microalgae Chlorella sp. into liquid biofuels. The highest yield of total liquid oil is obtained 50.2 % (heavy fraction yield, 43.75% and light fraction yield, 6.44%) at the highest conditions which was obtained with 1% activated carbon at a temperature and pyrolysis time of 3 hours. Physical properties of liquid biofuel are density of 0.88 kg/m3 and viscosity of 5.79 cSt. This physical properties are within the range of the national biodiesel standard SNI 7182-2012. The packed bed reactor completed with bubble column is the best choice for converting biofuel from microalgae, because it gives different fractions, so that it is easier to process further to the commercial biofuel stage. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

Investigation on Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Based Alkyd Resin and Styrene as a Coating Material

2017 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Rochmadi ◽  
Budhijanto ◽  
Mohammad Fahrurrozi ◽  
Suhandono ◽  
Febbie Setyaningrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Phthalic Anhydride ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Alkyd Resins ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

The Abundant production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be utilized to make high value product, such as alkyd resins for coating materials. In this research, PFAD was reacted with glycerol and phthalic anhydride at various composition and temperature for 4-5 hours, employing one-step and two-step methods. The alkyd resin product was analyzed its acid value, iodine number, viscosity of 5% solution in xylene, and curing possibility with styrene monomer. The results showed that reaction temperature at 180° - 220°C influenced the acid value, but not significant for iodine number, and had no effect to molecular weight of alkyd resin product. Phthalic anhydride had more effect upon acid number than PFAD. Iodine number of the alkyd resin product was generally low, which indicated that this alkyd resin could not be used as drying oil. All alkyd resins produced either by one and two steps could only harden with 20% alkyd resin - 80% styrene using MEKP initiator. Viscosity of 5% alkyd resin solution in xylene was around 11-14 cp, independent of composition and reaction temperature.

scholarly journals Utilization of unsaponifiable matter from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate for preparing an antioxidant-rich oleogel and evaluation of its properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
S. Sahu ◽  
M. Ghosh ◽  
D. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) is an important by-product obtained from the physical refining process. This fatty acid distillate contains high a amount of Unsaponifiable Matter (γ-oryzanol 3.27 gm/100gm UM; total tocopherol 10.93 mg/100 g UM; total phytosterol 21.81 g/100g UM; squalene 1.15 g/100 g UM and total fatty alcohol 73.34 g/100 g UM) and free fatty acids. Antioxidant-rich Oleogels were obtained from rice bran wax (RBW), rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) and refined rice bran oil. The main objective of this study was to utilize the antioxidant-rich unsaponifiable matter of RBOFAD (UMRBOFAD) as an organogelator along with rice bran wax, which also acts as a good organogelator. Antioxidant-rich oleogel was prepared using UMRBFAD, ethylcellulose (EC) and RBW at 2%, 2%, 3% on weight basis, respectively, in refined rice bran oil and this antioxidant-rich oleogel was compared with rice bran oil oleogel using RBW at 7% on weight basis of rice bran oil. These oleogels were evaluated using a combination of techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM), Viscosity, synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and FTIR Spectroscopy. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measured the thermal properties of rice bran oil oleogel and high antioxidant-rich oleogel. Polarized light microscopy images revealed needle-like crystals for RBW. SR-XRD measurements were used for clarification of the crystal structures of the building blocks of these oleogels. The antioxidant activities of oleogels were evaluated involving DPPH and ABTS assays.

scholarly journals Calcium soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: The effect of CaO quality on reaction temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 012044
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Nicholas George Stanley ◽  
Karen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Ruminant Feed ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals COMPARISON STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION TEMPERATURE DATA IN THE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS OF PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE (PFAD) IN A FLUIDISED REACTOR

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norliza BT. Abdul Rahman ◽  
Sam Yet ◽  
Noorhisham Tan Kofli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sugar Ester ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Reactor Kinetic ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product from palm oil refinery process and normally used as ingredient of making candles, soap and others. Recently, many researchers have been carried out to diversify the utilisation of PFAD in industry. Among others is the enzimatically production of sugar ester using PFAD as substrate. However, limited kinetic and simulation data hindered the effort of large scale production. Hence, this study was executed to determine the kinetic parameters of the esterification process based on the simplified Ping-pong Bi-Bi model under the temperature range of 30°C ~ 45°C where immobilised lipase (Lipozyme 1M) was used as biocatalyst and isopropyl alcohol was used as solvent. The reaction was conducted in a cylinder resemble a fluidised reactor. Kinetic parameters derived from the experiments were used to simulate the production of sugar ester. The optimum temperature for the production of sugar ester was found to be at 40°C. The experimental results deviate slightly from the simulation results with error percentage of less than 11%. The model can be used to predict the production of sugar ester when the concentrations of the reactants are varied.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Quality of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate at Palm Oil Refining Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 8144-8151
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A study on factors affecting biodiesel quality of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant. This PFAD showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 88.4 % and 204 mg KOH/g, respectively. An acid catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the esterification reaction, and a 97.11% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:3.71 with 1.834 % H2SO4 catalyzed at 121 °C for 15 minutes). Overall, this novel process achieved highly enhanced FAME (95.82% to 97.31%) with a significantly increased reaction time (10 to 30 minutes) and catalyst requirements (1.834 % H2SO4).

Gasoline Yield Enhancement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Coprocessing of Petroleum Gasoil with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084
Author(s):  
Zarkoni Azis ◽  
Bambang Heru Susanto ◽  
Mohammad Nasikin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Gasoline is liquid hydrocarbon fuel used for spark-ignition engine. Most of gasoline production is carried out in the petroleum oil refinery through several stages of process and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process that can convert some of heavy oil fractions like vacuum gasoil (VGO) and residue to be cracked into gasoline and lighter products. Consumption of gasoline for transportation fuel in Indonesia is higher than its production capability, so this gap has compelled to search the alternative process route using renewable feedstock. Coprocessing of petroleum gasoil with crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking had been investigated previously resulting in lower value of conversion as well as gasoline yield when applying co-feeds at higher level of vegetable oils. Cracking feedstock containing triglyceride and fatty acid from vegetable oil is supposed to be the other possibility as a reason of conversion and yield changes. The research work is aimed to find out another way for gasoline yield upgrading in fluid catalytic cracking process using available catalyst by coprocessing of VGO with refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and small amount of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed on fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit at temperature of 530 °C, nearly atmospheric pressure and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. Three kind of oil feeds were tested namely VGO, VGO mixed with 5% RBDPO and VGO added with 5% RBDPO-PFAD of mixing ratio 9:1. The cracking reaction results in gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous phase product was analyzed using online gas chromatography to detect light hydrocarbon components of C1, C2 and H2 as dry gas and hydrocarbon components of C3 and C4 as LPG. The liquid item was investigated through gas chromatography of simulated distillation to separate fluid components including gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO) and slurry oil. Carbon material placed on catalyst through cracking reaction was analyzed at regeneration step of spent catalyst passed through catalytic converter by online Infrared method. Coprocessing of VGO with 5% RBDPO and VGO with 5% RBDPO-PFAD can alter conversion and product yields. The presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in oil feeds during cracking reaction influence signifi- cantly to gasoline enhancement. Although this coprocessing work has shown initial phenomenon in accordance with hypothesis, further investigation is necessary to explore deeper in order to obtain an optimized process condition by various levels of coprocessing feed.

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