scholarly journals The use of premature chromosome condensation to study in interphase cells the influence of environmental factors on human genetic material

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1174-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki I. Hatzi ◽  
Georgia I. Terzoudi ◽  
Christina Paraskevopoulou ◽  
Vasilios Makropoulos ◽  
Demetrios P. Matthopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Premature Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Anthropogenic Environment ◽  
Genotoxic Factors

Nowadays, there is a constantly increasing concern regarding the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a variety of harmful environmental factors to which humans are exposed in their natural and anthropogenic environment. These factors exert their hazardous potential in humans' personal (diet, smoking, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics) and occupational environment that constitute part of the anthropogenic environment. It is well known that genetic damage due to these factors has dramatic implications for human health. Since most of the environmental genotoxic factors induce arrest or delay in cell cycle progression, the conventional analysis of chromosomes at metaphase may underestimate their genotoxic potential. Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) induced either by means of cell fusion or specific chemicals, enables the microscopic visualization of interphase chromosomes whose morphology depends on the cell cycle stage, as well as the analysis of structural and numerical aberrations at the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The PCC has been successfully used in problems involving cell cycle analysis, diagnosis and prognosis of human leukaemia, assessment of interphase chromosome malformations resulting from exposure to radiation or chemicals, as well as elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the conversion of DNA damage into chromosomal damage. In this report, particular emphasis is given to the advantages of the PCC methodology used as an alternative to conventional metaphase analysis in answering questions in the fields of radiobiology, biological dosimetry, toxicogenetics, clinical cytogenetics and experimental therapeutics.

scholarly journals The Usefulness of Calyculin A for Cytogenetic Prenatal Diagnosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata I. Srebniak ◽  
Gizela G. Trapp ◽  
Angelika K. Wawrzkiewicz ◽  
Wojciech Kaźmierczak ◽  
Andrzej K. Wiczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Protein Phosphatases ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Calyculin A ◽  
Premature Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Chromosomal Breaks

An increased number of chromosome plates can be obtained by use of calyculin A (CLA). CLA is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (type 1 and type 2A serine/threonine). Inactivation of these phosphatases leads to premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in all phases of the cell cycle; thus, it is possible to investigate both metaphase and G2-PCC chromosomes. Amniotic fluid (AF) cultures were treated with calyculin A (CLA). GTG banding was obtained. Using this method it is possible to investigate all cell cycle phases, GTG banding, chromosomal breaks, and rates of PCD on the same preparation. Analyses of AF cultures treated with CLA allow complex studies on fetal genetic material. This work presents potential usefulness of CLA for cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis.

scholarly journals The CWI Pathway: A Versatile Toolbox to Arrest Cell-Cycle Progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Inma Quilis ◽  
Mercè Gomar-Alba ◽  
Juan Carlos Igual
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Genotoxic Stress ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Reciprocal Regulation

Cell-signaling pathways are essential for cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environmental conditions. The cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by environmental stresses, compounds, and morphogenetic processes that compromise the cell wall, orchestrating the appropriate cellular response to cope with these adverse conditions. During cell-cycle progression, the CWI pathway is activated in periods of polarized growth, such as budding or cytokinesis, regulating cell-wall biosynthesis and the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, accumulated evidence has indicated a reciprocal regulation of the cell-cycle regulatory system by the CWI pathway. In this paper, we describe how the CWI pathway regulates the main cell-cycle transitions in response to cell-surface perturbance to delay cell-cycle progression. In particular, it affects the Start transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S transition, and entry and progression through mitosis. We also describe the involvement of the CWI pathway in the response to genotoxic stress and its connection with the DNA integrity checkpoint, the mechanism that ensures the correct transmission of genetic material and cell survival. Thus, the CWI pathway emerges as a master brake that stops cell-cycle progression when cells are coping with distinct unfavorable conditions.

Changes in the organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle: response to ultraviolet light

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-565
Author(s):  
S.L. Schor ◽  
R.T. Johnson ◽  
C.A. Waldren
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Unscheduled Dna Synthesis ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Chromosome Decondensation

Fusion between mitotic and interphase cells results in the premature condensation of the interphase chromosomes into a morphology related to the position in the cell cycle at the time of fusion. These prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) have been used in conjunction with u.v. irradiation to examine the interphase chromosome condensation cycle of HeLa cells. The following observations have been made: (I) There is a progressive decondensation of the chromosomes during G1 which is accentuated by u.v. irradiation: (2) The chromosomes become more resistant to u.v.-induced decondensation during G2 and mitosis. (3) There is a close correlation between the degree of chromosome decondensation and the amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by u.v. irradiation during G1 and mitosis: (4) Hydroxyurea enhances the ability of u.v. irradiation to promote the decondensation of chromosomes during G1, G2 and mitosis. Hydroxyurea also potentiates the lethal action of u.v. irradiation during mitosis and G1. These data are discussed in relation to the suggestion that chromosomes undergo a progressive decondensation during G1 and condensation during G2.

scholarly journals Control of cell cycle progression by phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) substrates

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Suryadinata ◽  
Martin Sadowski ◽  
Boris Sarcevic
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

The eukaryotic cell cycle is a fundamental evolutionarily conserved process that regulates cell division from simple unicellular organisms, such as yeast, through to higher multicellular organisms, such as humans. The cell cycle comprises several phases, including the S-phase (DNA synthesis phase) and M-phase (mitotic phase). During S-phase, the genetic material is replicated, and is then segregated into two identical daughter cells following mitotic M-phase and cytokinesis. The S- and M-phases are separated by two gap phases (G1 and G2) that govern the readiness of cells to enter S- or M-phase. Genetic and biochemical studies demonstrate that cell division in eukaryotes is mediated by CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases). Active CDKs comprise a protein kinase subunit whose catalytic activity is dependent on association with a regulatory cyclin subunit. Cell-cycle-stage-dependent accumulation and proteolytic degradation of different cyclin subunits regulates their association with CDKs to control different stages of cell division. CDKs promote cell cycle progression by phosphorylating critical downstream substrates to alter their activity. Here, we will review some of the well-characterized CDK substrates to provide mechanistic insights into how these kinases control different stages of cell division.

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