scholarly journals To Trade or Not To Trade? Criteria for Applying Cap and Trade

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 953-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Benkovic ◽  
Joseph Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Trading Program ◽  
The U.S

The use of emissions trading (cap and trade) is gaining worldwide recognition as an extremely effective policy tool. The U.S. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Trading Program has achieved an unprecedented level of environmental protection in a cost-effective manner. The successful results of the program have led domestic and foreign governments to consider the application of cap and trade to address other air quality issues. Certain analyses are particularly important in determining whether or not cap and trade is an appropriate policy tool. This paper offers a set of questions that can be used as criteria for determining whether or not cap and trade is the preferred policy approach to an environmental problem.

Communicating about Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading Programs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Lachapelle
Keyword(s):  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Trading Program

In debates surrounding policy options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, economists of various political stripes are near unanimous in their advocacy of putting a price on carbon, whether through a tax or emissions trading program. Due to the visible costs imposed on industry and consumers, however, these policies have been resisted by carbon-intensive industries and by an ideologically divided public, producing incentives for vote-seeking politicians to avoid implementing comprehensive and stringent carbon prices within their own borders. In this highly politicized environment, and considering the more recent diffusion of market-based instruments across political jurisdictions around the world, researchers have sought to identify the conditions most favorable to implementing carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programs, the correlates of public support for these policies, and the extent to which different communication strategies may help build public support. How do experts, political leaders, and members of the public understand these policy instruments, and what specific approaches have been most successful in persuading policy makers and the public to support a price on carbon? In places that have yet to implement a carbon price, what can communication strategists learn from existing research and the experience of other jurisdictions where such policies have been successfully implemented? In places where carbon taxes or carbon cap-and-trade programs exist, how are the benefits of these policies best communicated to ensure the durability of carbon pricing policies over time?

scholarly journals The Origins and Practice of Emissions Trading

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh S. Gorman ◽  
Barry D. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Pollution Control Policy

An important development in the field of environmental policy has been the growing acceptance and use of emissions trading as a cost-effective means to meet and maintain environmental quality standards. In the first half of the twentieth century, emissions trading programs not only would have been seen as unnecessary; they would have been inconceivable. The legal, bureaucratic, and technological infrastructure necessary to support such systems simply did not exist. Furthermore, most people did not see the release of pollutioncausing contaminants into the shared environment as transactions to be measured and monitored. Today, the use of emissions trading programs as a policy tool both reflects and represents the dramatic changes in pollution control policy that have since occurred.

An Analysis of the U.S. Environmental Policy: A Typology of Environmental Problem for Government Action

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Jae-Young Ko ◽  
Yong-Jin Cha
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Environmental Group ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this study is to examine the selection of policy tools for environmental problems under the incremental tradition, concentrating on the regulatory role. Our aim is to propose a typology composed of political significance and detection of source. This typology implies that the problem decides its own policy tool. This argument is discussed by reviewing different types of environmental problems, and suggests that for successful enforcement, the selected policy tool is expected to match the problem. The possibility of hypothesis building on the policy's success/failure is considered. The expansion of the U.S. EPA's role is recommended for environmental policy whose goal should be ecological stability. Finally, the necessity and usefulness of environmental group as a policy tool is considered.

Economics Is Not Enough: The “Old Model” of Cap and Trade

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
Electricity Deregulation ◽  
Trading Program

This chapter describes the “old” model of cap-and-trade policy design that largely controlled emissions trading policy from its origins in the 1970s through the 1990s, under which emissions trading programs were adopted reluctantly, and “grandfathered” emissions allowances to current emitters at no cost. It also describes some important events starting in the 1990s that helped lay the groundwork for the sudden switch to auctions in RGGI, including: greater attention to allocation rules by political actors, new precedents such as spectrum rights auctions and severance taxes on some nature resources, new political and economic pressures from electricity deregulation, and the emergence of “public benefit” charges and programs to improve energy efficiency for consumers. In addition, this period saw the emergence of new polluter pays and public ownership normative frames in the context of emissions allowances. At the same time, the chapter documents how these initial changes were insufficient to successfully promote allowance auctions in the development of two prominent cap and trade programs: the initial phase of the EU ETS from 1998-2005, and the NOx Budget emissions trading program from 1994-2005.

The Revision of the European Union’s Emissions Trading System Ahead of the Fourth Trading Period, 2021–2030

Climate Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 338-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Trading Period ◽  
Final Agreement

The EU ETS is the cornerstone of the European Union’s climate policy. The EU ETS will play a decisive role in the European Union plan to meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. In November 2017, following more than two years of negotiations, EU member states and the European Parliament reached a final agreement on the revision of the EU ETS for the period 2021–2030. The final agreement struck an important, ambitious balance on a number of measures designed to ensure that the EU ETS achieves its legislative aims of promoting emission reductions in a cost-effective manner. The negotiations also provide a number of policy lessons for future negotiations relating to the role of EU institutions and the rules for free allocation which will be important for the EU ETS to meet its legislative objectives. 1

When Cap-and-Trade Works

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-162
Author(s):  
Barry G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Trading Program

Cap-and-trade has also faced numerous political challenges but also includes some more successful cases. Some of the experience of the American sulfur dioxide emissions trading program has been replicated for carbon in the case of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. This alliance among nine Northeastern states has retained political support for more than a decade and also pioneered a system to auction allowances to generate revenue. These funds are then concentrated on expansion of energy efficiency and renewable energy in the region, thereby further addressing climate change and also building a broader base of political support.

Crew Requirements Definition System Demonstration

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (17) ◽  
pp. 1139-1139
Author(s):  
Richard E. Christ ◽  
Joseph A. Conroy ◽  
Robert E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Path ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Small Unit ◽  
Requirements Definition ◽  
Task Sequencing ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Size Task ◽  
The U.S

The crew requirements definition system (CRDS) is a computer-based methodology designed to minimize the time required to accomplishment any set of tasks while using the fewest resources. It enables analysts and researchers to study in a timely and cost effective manner the effects of varying crew size, task start times (and hence task sequencing), and task allocation to crewmembers or equipment items during the performance of designated missions without the need to observe crews actually performing their duties. The CRDS is programmed in C-language and is designed to be used on an “XT” or faster class of personal computer. The basis of the system is several automated PERT, GANTT, and critical path method calculations. In addition, the system produces other automated calculations and summaries to aid the user. The user should have some knowledge of these operations research techniques to use the system effectively. Also needed is an understanding of the tasks to be performed, the personnel and equipment items available to perform the tasks, each task's duration, and any requirements for task sequencing. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) developed the CRDS for the Force Design Directorate at the U.S. Army Combined Arms Combat Development Activity. However, the system is useful in any military or civilian situations in which there is a need to design and evaluate alternative small unit organizational structures. The system can be used whenever the user has some knowledge, or is willing to venture some guesstimates, of the tasks that need to be performed and the capabilities of various assets to perform those tasks.

A Regional Slocum Glider Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Leverages Broad Community Engagement

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Schofield ◽  
Josh Kohut ◽  
Scott Glenn ◽  
Julio Morell ◽  
Jorge Capella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Underwater Gliders ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Hands On ◽  
New Sensors ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
Broad Community ◽  
The U.S

AbstractAutonomous underwater gliders have proven to be a cost-effective technology for measuring the 3-D ocean and now represent a critical component during the design and implementation of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Ocean Observing System (MARCOOS), a Region of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System. The gliders have been conducting regional surveys of the Mid-Atlantic (MA) Bight, and during the 3 years of MARCOOS, the glider fleet has conducted 22 missions spanning 10,867 km and collecting 62,824 vertical profiles of data. In addition to collecting regional data, the gliders have facilitated collaboration for partners outside of MARCOOS. The existence of the MA glider observatory provided a unique test bed for cyber-infrastructure tools being developed as part of the National Science Foundation’s Ocean Observatory Initiative. This effort allowed the Ocean Observatory Initiative software to integrate the MARCOOS assets and provided a successful demonstration of an ocean sensor net. The hands-on experience of the MA glider technicians supported training and provided assistance of collaborators within the Caribbean Regional Association, also a region of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, to assess the efficacy of gliders to resolve internal waves. Finally, the glider fleet has enabled sensor development and testing in a cost-effective manner. Generally, new sensors were tested within the MARCOOS domain before they were deployed in more extreme locations throughout the world’s oceans. On the basis of this experience, the goal of the MARCOOS glider team will be to expand the MA network in coming years. The potential of how an expanded network of gliders might serve national needs was illustrated during the 2010 Macondo Gulf of Mexico oil spill, where gliders from many institutions collected subsurface mesoscale data to support regional models and oil response planning. The experience gained over the last 5 years suggests that it is time to develop a national glider network.

scholarly journals The SO2 Allowance Trading System: The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schmalensee ◽  
Robert N Stavins
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Unanticipated Consequence ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Two decades have passed since the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 launched a grand experiment in market-based environmental policy: the SO2 cap-and-trade system. That system performed well but created four striking ironies: First, by creating this system to reduce SO2 emissions to curb acid rain, the government did the right thing for the wrong reason. Second, a substantial source of this system's cost-effectiveness was an unanticipated consequence of earlier railroad deregulation. Third, it is ironic that cap-and-trade has come to be demonized by conservative politicians in recent years, as this market-based, cost-effective policy innovation was initially championed and implemented by Republican administrations. Fourth, court decisions and subsequent regulatory responses have led to the collapse of the SO2 market, demonstrating that what the government gives, the government can take away.

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