scholarly journals Prevention and Control of Losses of Gaseous Nitrogen Compounds in Livestock Operations: A Review

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 844-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Jongebreur ◽  
G.J. Monteny
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
And Control

Nitrogen (N) losses from livestock houses and manure storage facilities contribute greatly to the total loss of N from livestock farms. Volatilisation of ammonia (NH3) is the major process responsible for the loss of N in husbandry systems with slurry (where average dry matter content varies between 3 and 13%). Concerning this volatilisation of NH3, the process parameters of pH and air temperature are crucial. During a period of approximately 10 years, systematic measurements of NH3losses originating from a large variety of different livestock houses were made. One of the problems with NH3emissions is the large variation in the measured data due to the season, the production of the animals, the manure treatment, type of livestock house, and the manure storage. Generally speaking, prevention and control of NH3emission can be done by control of N content in the manure, moisture content, pH, and temperature[1]. In houses for growing pigs, a combination of simple housing measures can be taken to greatly reduce NH33 emissions[2]. In houses for laying hens, the control of the manure drying process determines the emission of NH3[1]. Monteny[3] has built an NH3production model with separate modules for the emission of the manure storage under the dairy house and the floor in the house. Manure spreading is also a major source of NH3emission and is dependent on slurry composition, environmental conditions, and farm management. The effects of these factors have been employed in a model[4]. Losses via NO, N2O, and N2are important in husbandry systems with solid manure and straw. The number of experimental data is, however, very limited. As N2O is an intermediate product of complex biochemical processes of nitrification and denitrification, optimal conditions are the key issues in N2O reduction strategies. We may expect that in the near future the emission of greenhouse gases will get the same attention from policy makers as NH3. Sustainable livestock production has to combine low emissions of gaseous N compounds with acceptable odour emissions, low emissions of greenhouse gases, and acceptable standards of animal welfare. For the entrepreneur, the strategy must be built on the regulations, the special conditions of his farm, and what is reasonably achievable.

The use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

SUMMARYA total of 156 pigs of the Large White breed were used in a series of four experiments to test the suitability of barley which had been stored with a high moisture content as an ingredient in the diets of growing pigs. Barleys with mean moisture contents of 26·3%, 28·1% and 21·2% and a range from 19·6% to 30·5%, from three successive harvests were used.In all the trials there was evidence that the use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs had an adverse effect on live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the effect being independent of whether feed intakes were equated on the basis of the dry-matter content of the diets. In one of the experiments performance was depressed to the extent of causing changes in carcass characteristics. The performance of pigs given rolled barley was similar to that of others given ground barley.

scholarly journals Within-day repeatability for absolute quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in feces from growing pigs

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 968-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Steen Pedersen ◽  
Klaus H. Pedersen ◽  
Charlotte Hjulsager ◽  
Lars Erik Larsen ◽  
Marie Ståhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Absolute quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is now possible on a routine basis. Poor repeatability of quantification can result in disease status misclassification of individual pigs when a single fecal sample is obtained. The objective of the current study was to investigate overall variation within a day for fecal numbers of L. intracellularis bacteria determined by real-time PCR in growing pigs. From each of 30 pigs with an infection of L. intracellularis, 5 fecal samples were collected within 1 day. A total of 150 fecal samples were obtained and subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) testing. Mean fecal dry matter content was 14.3% (standard deviation = 4.5%). Two pigs (6.7%) alternated between being L. intracellularis qPCR positive and negative. For 28 pigs, the excreting levels of L. intracellularis were within the dynamic range of the qPCR assay at all sampling points. For these 28 pigs, the mean excretion level of L. intracellularis was 6.1 log10 bacteria/g feces (standard deviation = 1.2 log10 bacteria/g feces). The maximum observed difference between 2 fecal samples from the same pig was 1.1 log10 bacteria/g feces. The average standard deviation for individual pigs was 0.27 log10 bacteria/g feces. The average coefficient of variation within pigs was 0.04, ranging from 0.006 to 0.08. The results imply that absolute quantification of L. intracellularis by qPCR has acceptable repeatability within 1 day. However, a population-specific proportion of pigs alternating between positive and negative test results must be expected.

scholarly journals Effects of structural and non-structural polysaccharides in the diet of the growing pig on gastric emptying rate and rate of passage of digesta to the terminal ileum and through the total gastrointestinal tract

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. V. Potkins ◽  
T. L. J. Lawrence ◽  
J. R. Thomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate

Six experiments were made in growing pigs to investigate the effects of substituting bran, oatmeal byproduct, pectin and guar gum for barley on gastric emptying rate, pH and dry matter of digesta and on the dry matter content and rate of passage of digesta to the terminal ileum and overall. Twelve pigs with cannulas sited at the pyloric/fundic junction of the stomach were used to measure gastric emptying. Seventy-two pigs were kept in metabolism cages for the total collection of faeces and nine pigs were fitted with simple cannulas 150 mm cranial to the ileo-caecal junction. For the overall transit measurements the barley was ground through a 4.68 mm screen (C) and for the other studies either through this screen or a 1.56 mm screen (F). Gastric emptying rates were significantly faster for F diets than for C diets, but bran and oatmeal by-product substitutions were without significant effect on this variable or on rate of passage to the terminal ileum. Guar gum and pectin significantly speeded up gastric emptying and transit to the terminal ileum in C diets. Guar gum and pectin did not significantly affect overall transit time, but bran accelerated it. The results are discussed in relation to the depressive effects on nutrient utilization which have been recorded for the four polysaccharides: it is postulated that gastric emptying rate and transit time to the terminal ileum are likely to have a minimal effect on overall transit time.

scholarly journals SOME IDEAS FOR MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF COW CONDITIONIN A SUCKLER COW HERD DURING PRE-CALVING PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
H. Scholz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
And Control

Cow management and feeding during pre-and post-calving periods is one of the factors of the economic effi-ciency of animal husbandry. There are various methods of feeding lactating cows but at the same time this topic is understudied in Germany. The experiment is based on long-term data on the birth rate and weight of calves at the Eden agricultural enterprise (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) which was chosen as the main one for the study. The av-erage live weight of calves obtained from first-calf cows was 52 ± 8 kg at birth. The data on the live weight of calves obtained from cows of the first, second, and third lactations are presented. The differences in the live weight of calves revealed immediately after birth. Estimative de-scription of the condition of lactating cows is given. The dependence of the feeding of cows on the quality of the feed material, the content of protein and dry matter is shown. On average, the diet consisted of 99% of forages and had dry matter content of 38 ±6%. The average ener-gy content was 9.8 MJ ME or 5.9 MJ NEL per kilogram of dry matter. Various diets for dry cows were also studied. During the experiment, only the proportions of straw in the diet were changed so that practical conclusions could be drawn. In total, 3 variants were used: TMR with 30% of straw [TMR 1], TMR with 60% of straw [TMR 2] and feed-ing with silage from pure grass after calving. Brief recom-mendations are proposed in the conclusion.

scholarly journals Effects of dairy shed effluent dry matter content on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from a pasture soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1078
Author(s):  
T. J. Clough ◽  
N. Balaine ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
S. O. Petersen ◽  
S. G. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
And Control

AbstractAtmospheric emissions of nitrogen (N) from New Zealand dairy farms are significant but have the potential to be affected by manure management prior to land application. The current work examined whether reducing cattle manure dry matter (DM) from 0.16 high DM (HDM) to 0.06 low DM (LDM), to enhance infiltration and reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions when applied to grassland, would affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Pasture was cut, simulating grazing, and either amended with HDM (173 kg N/ha) or LDM manure (48 kg N/ha) or left unamended. Ammonia emissions from HDM manure were higher than from LDM manure, as a flux or as a percentage of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN, i.e. NH3 + NH4+) applied, due to more TAN being retained near the soil surface and the higher soil surface pH under HDM manure treatment. Cumulative N2O emissions over 37 days from HDM plots were higher than from the control but not from the LDM plots. After 5 days, the daily N2O emission rate was larger from HDM plots than from LDM and control plots. The N2O fluxes from LDM and HDM treatments did not differ, either as a proportion of TAN applied or as a proportion of total-N applied. Increasing DM contributed to reductions in both oxygen (O2) availability and relative gas diffusivity, and thus potentially N2O production. Under the conditions of the current study, lower manure DM content reduced NH3 emissions but did not increase cumulative losses of N2O.

Logging residue produces greenhouse gases in boreal forests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Laihonen ◽  
Marja Tiirola
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Logging Residue

<p>Living trees are recognized as sources of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). However, less is known about greenhouse gas exchange in deadwood during its decay, and especially in logging residue. During the logging process, logging residue is produced in large amounts. Even though residue can be harvested for energy production, significant amounts of logging residue is still left in forests. In Finland, 30 % of the logging residue is recommended to be left on the logging site. It has been estimated, that in the European Union, annually over 200 million cubic meters of logging residue is produced, which of approximately one sixth is produced solely in Finland. As an example, only 2.7 million cubic meters of logging residue was recovered from Finnish forests and used for energy production in 2018.</p><p>We hypothesized that logging residue left in forests produces various greenhouse gases – CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O – during its decay. We studied greenhouse gas exchange in logging residue of spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) and birch <em>(Betula</em> sp.) with focus on logs with average diameter of 5 – 10 cm. Residue was collected from 18 different research areas, covering approximately 47 hectares of spruce-dominated forest in Central Finland. All research areas were clear cuts, with known cut ages; the studied logs had decayed between 0 and 10 years. The study was carried out in 2019 during an eight-month period from May to December. In addition to greenhouse gas flux, dry matter content of logs was determined. All studied logs were a source of CO<sub>2</sub>, with CO<sub>2</sub> flux correlating with log decay time and dry matter content. CO<sub>2</sub> emission was observed to be dependent on ambient temperature. In general, we detected low CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from logging residue; opposite to CO<sub>2</sub>, no clear trend was found between CH<sub>4</sub> flux and log decay time or dry matter content. N<sub>2</sub>O results were similar to CH<sub>4</sub>, with low overall emissions. Dry matter content of logs correlated well with log decay time, with dry matter content decreasing as the logs were more decayed. Our study is an important step in understanding greenhouse gas exchange in logging residue and decaying wood in forests.</p>

scholarly journals Concomitant Intake of Quercetin with a Grain-Based Diet Acutely Lowers Postprandial Plasma Glucose and Lipid Concentrations in Pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Wein ◽  
Siegfried Wolffram
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose

Treatment goals of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) include glycemic control and reduction of nonglycemic risk factors, for example, dyslipidemia. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenol, often discussed for possible antidiabetic effects, was investigated for acute postprandial glucose- and lipid-lowering effects in healthy growing pigs. Male pigs (n = 16, body weight = BW 25–30 kg) were fed flavonoid-poor grain-based meals without (GBM) or with quercetin (GBMQ). In a first experiment, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and triacylglycerols were analyzed in 8 pigs receiving 500 g of either GBM or GBMQ (10 mg/kg BW) in a cross-over design. Blood samples were collected before, and up to 5 h every 30 min, as well as 6 and 8 h after the feeding. In the second experiment, 2 h after ingestions of 1000 g of either GBM or GBMQ (50 mg/kg BW) animals were sacrificed; gastric content was collected and analyzed for dry matter content. Quercetin ingestion reduced postprandial glucose, NEFA, and TG concentration, but two hours after ingestion of the meal no effect on gastric emptying was observed. Our results point to inhibitory effects of quercetin on nutrient absorption, which appear not to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Seaweed Doses on Yield and Nutritional Values of Hydroponic Wheatgrass Juice

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Muhammet Karasahin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Juice Yield ◽  
And Control

This research was conducted to determine the effects of different seaweed doses on yield and nutritional values of hydroponic wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) juice in the climatization chamber of Karabuk University, Eskipazar Vocational School, Department of Crop and Animal Production between the dates of 15.01.2015 and 15.06.2015. In the research, four different seaweed doses (Control; 0, D1; 150, D2; 300, D3; 450 and D4; 600 ppm) and control were applied to irrigation water and their effects on the content of biomass rate, biomass and grass yield, grass juice yield and pH, plant height and root length, biomass and grass dry matter rate, grass juice energy and macronutrient values (protein, carbohydrate, fat, dietary fiber and ash) were analysed. According to the results, while the highest biomass and grass yield, plant height values were obtained from D1, D2, D3 and D4 treatments, the highest grass juice yield and root length were obtained from D3 treatment. The highest pH, grass dry matter content was obtained from control treatment. Seaweed dose treatments were not had influence on grass juice energy values. However, the rise in the grass juice yield was caused a rise in the total energy values in the unit area. D3 treatments can be recommendable to achieve the highest grass juice yield.

scholarly journals Effect of nano-boron spraying on the concentration of some nutrients in leaves and dry matter of two Vicia faba L. (Partim) cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
ALI HULAIL NOAEMA ◽  
ALI RAHEEM KAREEM ALHASANY ◽  
DHURGAM SABEEH KAREEM ALTAI ◽  
BARBARA HELENA SAWICKA
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
And Control ◽  
Boron Fertilization ◽  
Bean Leaves

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spraying the nano-boron on the concentration of certain nutrients, chlorophyll in the leaves and dry matter of plants of two faba bean cultivars. The field experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields of Al-Muthanna Governorate in Iraq (30°12'N, 45°21'E) during the seasons 2016/2017–2018/2019. The experiment was carried out in a dependent, split-plot system, in triplicate, where the first-order factors were cultivars (‘Aquadlegi’, ‘Aquadols’), and the second-order factor was boron fertilization (5, 10 mg·dm–3 and control object without boron fertilization). Foliar fertilization with boron at a concentration of 10 mg·dm–3 in-creased the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, boron and chlorophyll in faba bean leaves and dry matter content of plants, as compared to the control object. The chlorophyll content in faba bean leaves was significantly increased only after using a double concentration of nano-boron in the sprayed solution compared to the control object. The ‘Aquadols’ cultivar was characterized by higher content of dry matter, nitrogen and chlorophyll in the leaves than the ‘Aquadlegi’ cultivar. Depend-ing on results, we can recommend applying a twice supplementation of faba bean with nano-boron fertilizer at a concentration of 10 mg·dm–3 in a broad agricultural practice.

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