scholarly journals Phosphorus in prebiotic chemistry

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1474) ◽  
pp. 1743-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Prebiotic Chemistry ◽  
Prebiotic Synthesis ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Primitive Earth ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Low Solubility

The prebiotic synthesis of phosphorus-containing compounds—such as nucleotides and polynucleotides—would require both a geologically plausible source of the element and pathways for its incorporation into chemical systems on the primitive Earth. The mineral apatite, which is the only significant source of phosphate on Earth, has long been thought to be problematical in this respect due to its low solubility and reactivity. However, in the last decade or so, at least two pathways have been demonstrated which would circumvent these perceived problems. In addition, recent results would seem to suggest an additional, extraterrestrial source of reactive phosphorus. It appears that the ‘phosphorus problem’ is no longer the stumbling block which it was once thought to be.

scholarly journals Magnetite Synthesis in the Presence of Cyanide or Thiocyanate under Prebiotic Chemistry Conditions

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Rafael Block Samulewski ◽  
Josué Martins Gonçalves ◽  
Alexandre Urbano ◽  
Antônio Carlos Saraiva da Costa ◽  
Flávio F. Ivashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prebiotic Chemistry ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Mineral Formation ◽  
Mechanism Synthesis ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Primitive Earth ◽  
Ion Interactions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Prebiotic Earth

Magnetite is an iron oxide mineral component of primitive Earth. It is naturally synthesized in different ways, such as magma cooling as well as olivine decomposition under hydrothermal conditions. It is probable magnetite played a significant role in biogenesis. The seawater used in the current work contained high Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42− concentrations, unlike the seawater of today that has high Na+ and Cl− concentrations. It is likely that this seawater better resembled the ion composition of the seas of the Earth from 4 billion years ago. Cyanide and thiocyanate were common molecules in prebiotic Earth, and especially in primitive oceans, where they could act on the magnetite mechanism synthesis via Fe2+ interaction. In this research, magnetite samples that were synthesized under prebiotic conditions in the presence of cyanide or thiocyanate, (both with and without artificial seawater), showed that, besides magnetite, goethite and ferrihydrite can be produced through different Fe2+-ion interactions. Cyanide apparently acts as a protective agent for magnetite production; however, thiocyanate and seawater 4.0 Gy ions produced goethite and ferrihydrite at different ratios. These results validate that Fe3+ oxides/hydroxides were possibly present in primitive Earth, even under anoxic conditions or in the absence of UV radiation. In addition, the results show that the composition of water in early oceans should not be neglected in prebiotic chemistry experiments, since this composition directly influences mineral formation.

scholarly journals UV radiation and the reaction between ammonium and thiocyanate under prebiotic chemistry conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1381-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santana de ◽  
Leidimara Pelisson ◽  
Diogo Janiaski ◽  
Cássia Zaia ◽  
Dimas Zaia
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Prebiotic Chemistry ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Primitive Earth ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

The reaction between ammonium and thiocyanate under prebiotic chemistry conditions was studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. Ammonium thiocyanate (1.0 10-3 mol L-1) was dissolved in sodium chloride solution (28.57 g L-1) at two different pH values (5.30 and 7.20). FT-IR results showed that it was possible that some compound that resembles dithiooxamides was synthesized when samples of ammonium thiocyanate were exposed to UV radiation under a regular atmosphere, as UV radiation in the presence of oxygen leads to the formation of perchlorate ions (ClO4-) due to the presence of Cl- ions as well. After acid hydrolysis of the samples of ammonium thiocyanate irradiated under a nitrogen atmosphere, yellow and white compounds were obtained, which could not be identified. These results were different from those reported in the literature, where other authors found methionine. However, they used higher concentrations of ammonium thiocyanate and a different type of UV lamp. On the other hand, in the present study, a lower concentration of ammonium thiocyanate was used, which probably resembled more the concentration of ammonium thiocyanate of primitive earth.

Comets and Life on the Primitive Earth

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Orò ◽  
Cristiano B. Cosmovici
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Prebiotic Synthesis ◽  
External Source ◽  
Primitive Earth ◽  
Molecular Precursors ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Biochemical Compounds ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cometary Origin

AbstractComets may have contributed substantial amounts of water, volatiles and organic precursors such as HCN for the synthesis of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth. This suggestion followed closely the prebiotic synthesis of adenine, purines and amino acids from HCN. Recent studies on the terrestrial heavy noble gases provide evidence that comets are the principal external source of Earth’s volatiles. During the encounter of comet Halley strong jets of CN, C2, C3and NH2were measured from Earth observatories, and by spacecraft mass spectrometry HCN, formaldehyde, adenine and many other organic compounds were detected, except amino acids. Obviously the latter require liquid water for their formation. Therefore upon capture of comets by the Earth, and melting of the frozen water, the synthesis of most biochemical compounds could take place readily. The detection of water, HCN and other organics of cometary origin after the impact of Comet SL-9 with Jupiter demonstrated the capability of survival of these molecules even after catastrophic events. Thus on the Earth HCN could be converted into purines, cyanacetylene, after hydration and condensation with urea, into pyrimidines, and formaldehyde into monosaccharides. In the presence of phosphates, which have been detected in cometary IDPs, nucleotides could also be synthesized. In conclusion, comets probably provided the necessary molecular precursors for the generation of life on the Earth.

Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant with double bonds and its application in bismaleimide resins

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (123) ◽  
pp. 101480-101486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Li ◽  
Hongxia Yan ◽  
Shuyao Feng ◽  
Song Niu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Bismaleimide Resin ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Bismaleimide Resins

A novel reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant was synthesized and used to modify bismaleimide resin. According to investigations, the modified bismaleimide resin has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy.

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