scholarly journals Immunohistochemical evidence for the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger in squid olfactory neurons

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1401) ◽  
pp. 1215-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Lucero ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Tu Dang
Keyword(s):  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Pseudostratified Epithelium ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Immunohistochemical Evidence ◽  
Olfactory Organs ◽  
Rapid Activation ◽  
Lolliguncula Brevis

The olfactory organs from the squid Lolliguncula brevis are composed of a pseudostratified epithelium containing five morphological subtypes of chemosensory neurons and ciliated support cells. Physiological recordings have been made from two of the subtypes and only the type 4 neuron has been studied in detail. Odour–stimulated increases in intracellular calcium and rapid activation of an electrogenic Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger current in type 4 neurons suggest that the exchanger proteins are localized very close to the transduction machinery. Electrophysiological studies have shown that olfactory signal transduction takes place in the apical ciliary regions of olfactory neurons. Using polyclonal antiserum against squid Na + /Ca 2+ proteins, we observed specific staining in the ciliary region of cells that resemble type 2, 3, 4 and 5 neurons. Staining was also observed in axon bundles, and in muscle tissue. Collectively, these data support the model that Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger proteins are localized to transduction machinery in cilia of type 4 neurons and suggest that the other olfactory subtypes also use Ca 2+ during chemosensory responses.

scholarly journals Comparative binding of bovine, human and rat insulin-like growth factors to membrane receptors and to antibodies against human insulin-like growth factor-1

1986 ◽  
Vol 233 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
L C Read ◽  
F J Ballard ◽  
G L Francis ◽  
R C Baxter ◽  
C J Bagley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Competitive Binding ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Comparative Binding ◽  
Placental Membranes ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

The immunological properties of human, bovine and rat insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and insulin were compared in competitive binding studies with Tr10 and NPA polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits against human IGF-1. Bovine IGF-1 was 11-19% as effective as human IGF-1 in competing for binding with 125I-labelled human IGF-1, whereas IGF-2 reacted poorly and insulin did not compete. Similar competitive binding curves were obtained with the mouse monoclonal anti-(human IGF-1) antibody 3D1, except that bovine IGF-1 showed a severalfold greater affinity for the monoclonal antibody than for either polyclonal antiserum. Membranes isolated from human placenta, sheep placenta and foetal-human liver were used as sources of cellular receptors. In human placental membranes, most of the binding of IGF-1 tracers could be attributed to a type-1 receptor, because insulin inhibited up to 65% of tracer binding. The other two tissues apparently contain only type-2 receptors, as evidenced by the very low potency of bovine or human IGF-1 in competing for binding with IGF-2 tracers and the absence of any competition by insulin. In competition for binding with labelled bovine or human IGF-1 to human placental membranes, bovine IGF-1 had a similar potency to human IGF-1, whereas bovine IGF-1 was more potent in binding studies with tissues rich in type-2 receptors. Rat IGF-2 was considerably less effective than human IGF-2 in competition for receptors on any of the membrane preparations.

scholarly journals Induction of Type 2 Salivary Cystatin in Immunological and Chemical Kidney Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Cohen ◽  
G.S. Bedi ◽  
M.E. Neiders ◽  
B. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Kidney Tubule ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Specific Staining

We have previously reported that isoproterenol induces type 2 salivary cystatin in both submandibular glands and kidney tubule cells of rats but not in any other organs examined. In the present study, we investigated whether this salivary protein is induced in other conditions that show kidney tubule injury. Immunocytochemistry, using a monospecific antiserum to this cystatin, revealed specific staining within the proximal tubule epithelium of the cortex as well as in the inner and outer stripe of the medulla of immunologically and chemically injured rats. Cystatin could not be detected in kidneys from healthy rats by means of immunocytochemistry. Weak staining was found in 3/3 kidneys of rats treated with turpentine and in 5/5 animals treated with potassium dichromate. In rats treated with puromycin, cystatin could not be demonstrated in 5/5 animals having proteinuria of less than 100 mg/24 h; however, moderate staining was observed in 4/5 puromycin-treated rats having proteinuria greater than 100 mg/24 h. In Heymann nephritis, cystatin was present in 7/31 kidneys with proteinuria lasting 6 to 15 weeks and in none (0/ 7) with proteinuria of shorter duration. Strong staining was also observed in 10/10 kidneys from rats with moderate-to-severe chronic serum sickness. This study shows that elaboration of type 2 cystatin in rats is not limited to salivary glands and, with our previous study, suggests that induction of this cysteine proteinase inhibitor may represent a local response to generalized tissue injury in both submandibular and renal tissues. These findings further demonstrate that induction of cystatin in salivary glands is not unique to these glands and suggest that induction of this cysteine proteinase inhibitor may represent a local response to tissue injury caused by diverse mechanisms.

Rare case of diabetic neuropathic cachexia along with diabetic amyotrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. e239869
Author(s):  
Zahid Ullah Khan ◽  
Nasrullah Ghuman ◽  
KaHinKaren Mak
Keyword(s):  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Lumbosacral Spine ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Early Referral ◽  
Specialist Nurse ◽  
Good Glycaemic Control ◽  
Diabetes Specialist ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Diabetic Amyotrophy

A 65-year-old patient with background of alcohol excess and previous gunshot wounds was admitted with significant weight loss, leg cramps, dizziness and lethargy for the last 3 months. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in July 2020 and was started on Metformin and Gliclazide by his in July; he was later commenced on alogliptin and empaglaflozin by diabetes specialist nurse in early August. He also had generalised muscle wasting, dorsal guttering in both hands and was cachectic when he presented to hospital. His haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 124 mmol/mol in July 2020 and was 63 mmol/mol in September 2020. The patient had negative autoimmune and TB screen. CT abdomen/pelvis and CT lumbosacral spine that showed mild diverticular disease and bilateral L5 spondylolysis with L5-S1 spondylotic changes. Electrophysiological studies confirmed sensory motor peripheral neuropathy. Patient was diagnosed with diabetic neuropathic cachexia secondary to poorly controlled diabetes and was commenced on 30 units two times per day of NovoMix 30 insulin; this was adjusted to 24 units two times per day in endocrine clinic 3 months later, after gaining 10 kg in weight. Good glycaemic control is key to the management of such cases and, therefore, we recommend early referral to diabetes specialist input for consideration of insulin therapy.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological studies of transgenic long QT type 1 and type 2 rabbits reveal genotype-specific differences in ventricular refractoriness and His conduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. H643-H655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja E. Odening ◽  
Malcolm Kirk ◽  
Michael Brunner ◽  
Ohad Ziv ◽  
Peem Lorvidhaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Qt Syndrome ◽  
Optical Mapping ◽  
Delayed Rectifier ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Long Qt ◽  
Av Conduction ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Qt Syndrome

We have generated transgenic rabbits lacking cardiac slow delayed-rectifier K+ current [ IKs; long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1)] or rapidly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current [ IKr; long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2)]. Rabbits with either genotype have prolonged action potential duration and QT intervals; however, only LQT2 rabbits develop atrioventricular (AV) blocks and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. We therefore sought to characterize the genotype-specific differences in AV conduction and ventricular refractoriness in LQT1 and LQT2 rabbits. We carried out in vivo electrophysiological studies in LQT1, LQT2, and littermate control (LMC) rabbits at baseline, during isoproterenol infusion, and after a bolus of dofetilide and ex vivo optical mapping studies of the AV node/His-region at baseline and during dofetilide perfusion. Under isoflurane anesthesia, LQT2 rabbits developed infra-His blocks, decremental His conduction, and prolongation of the Wenckebach cycle length. In LQT1 rabbits, dofetilide altered the His morphology and slowed His conduction, resulting in intra-His block, and additionally prolonged the ventricular refractoriness, leading to pseudo-AV block . The ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) in right ventricular apex and base was significantly longer in LQT2 than LQT1 ( P < 0.05) or LMC ( P < 0.01), with a greater VERP dispersion in LQT2 than LQT1 rabbits. Isoproterenol reduced the VERP dispersion in LQT2 rabbits by shortening the VERP in the base more than in the apex but had no effect on VERP in LQT1. EPS and optical mapping experiments demonstrated genotype-specific differences in AV conduction and ventricular refractoriness. The occurrence of infra-His blocks in LQT2 rabbits under isoflurane and intra-His block in LQT1 rabbits after dofetilide suggest differential regional sensitivities of the rabbit His-Purkinje system to drugs blocking IKr and IKs.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE OLFACTORY MUCOSA AND OLFACTORY NERVE

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. de Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Receptor Cell ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Distal Process ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies

The olfactory receptor cell is characterized by a distal process (the dendrite) which terminates in the olfactory passage as the olfactory rod. The olfactory rod is provided with numerous cilia which are similar in structure to those seen in other tissues. The central processes of the bipolar cell constitute the fila olfactoria. The cytoplasmic organelles of the sustentacular cell are concentrated at the apical and basal ends of the cell with a paucity of cytoplasmic elements in the region of the nucleus. The plasma membrane of the supporting cell forms a mesaxon for both the dendrite and axon of the bipolar cell. Terminal bars are present in the epithelial cells. The axons constituting the fila olfactoria form fascicles which are ensheathed by mesaxons of adjacent Schwann cells. Thus the olfactory neurons are ensheathed throughout their course by the membranes of sustentacular and Schwann cells. Observations of the olfactory mucosa with the electron microscope are discussed with respect to recent electrophysiological studies.

Electrophysiological studies in newly onset type 2 diabetes without visible vascular retinopathy

2011 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tyrberg ◽  
U. Lindblad ◽  
A. Melander ◽  
M. Lövestam-Adrian ◽  
V. Ponjavic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Onset Type ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies

Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus in sialidosis type 2

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shozo Tobimatsu ◽  
Ritsuko Fukui ◽  
Hiroshi Shibasaki ◽  
Motohiro Kato ◽  
Yoshigoro Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Electrophysiological Studies

Electron Microscopic Study of the Epithelium of the Seminal Vesicle of Aging Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
V. F. Allison ◽  
G. C. Fink ◽  
G. W. Cearley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Epithelial Hyperplasia ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aging Rats ◽  
Pseudostratified Epithelium

It is well known that epithelial hyperplasia (benign hypertrophy) is common in the aging prostate of dogs and man. In contrast, little evidence is available for abnormal epithelial cell growth in seminal vesicles of aging animals. Recently, enlarged seminal vesicles were reported in senescent mice, however, that enlargement resulted from increased storage of secretion in the lumen and occurred concomitant to epithelial hypoplasia in that species.The present study is concerned with electron microscopic observations of changes occurring in the pseudostratified epithelium of the seminal vescles of aging rats. Special attention is given to certain non-epithelial cells which have entered the epithelial layer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document