scholarly journals Hydrocarbon liquefaction: viability as a peak oil mitigation strategy

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2006) ◽  
pp. 20120319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Höök ◽  
Dean Fantazzini ◽  
André Angelantoni ◽  
Simon Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Water Contamination ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Marginal Production ◽  
Gas To Liquids ◽  
Very High

Current world capacity of hydrocarbon liquefaction is around 400 000 barrels per day, providing a marginal share of the global liquid fuel supply. This study performs a broad review of technical, economic, environmental and supply chain issues related to coal-to-liquids (CTL) and gas-to-liquids (GTL). We find three issues predominate. First, significant amounts of coal and gas would be required to obtain anything more than a marginal production of liquids. Second, the economics of CTL plants are clearly prohibitive, but are better for GTL. Nevertheless, large-scale GTL plants still require very high upfront costs, and for three real-world GTL plants out of four, the final cost has been so far approximately three times that initially budgeted. Small-scale GTL holds potential for associated gas. Third, both CTL and GTL incur significant environmental impacts, ranging from increased greenhouse gas emissions (in the case of CTL) to water contamination. Environmental concerns may significantly affect growth of these projects until adequate solutions are found.

scholarly journals Continuous mutual improvement of macromolecular structure models in the PDB and of X-ray crystallographic software: the dual role of deposited experimental data

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2533-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Terwilliger ◽  
Gerard Bricogne
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Macromolecular Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Very High

Accurate crystal structures of macromolecules are of high importance in the biological and biomedical fields. Models of crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are in general of very high quality as deposited. However, methods for obtaining the best model of a macromolecular structure from a given set of experimental X-ray data continue to progress at a rapid pace, making it possible to improve most PDB entries after their deposition by re-analyzing the original deposited data with more recent software. This possibility represents a very significant departure from the situation that prevailed when the PDB was created, when it was envisioned as a cumulative repository of static contents. A radical paradigm shift for the PDB is therefore proposed, away from the static archive model towards a much more dynamic body of continuously improving results in symbiosis with continuously improving methods and software. These simultaneous improvements in methods and final results are made possible by the current deposition of processed crystallographic data (structure-factor amplitudes) and will be supported further by the deposition of raw data (diffraction images). It is argued that it is both desirable and feasible to carry out small-scale and large-scale efforts to make this paradigm shift a reality. Small-scale efforts would focus on optimizing structures that are of interest to specific investigators. Large-scale efforts would undertake a systematic re-optimization of all of the structures in the PDB, or alternatively the redetermination of groups of structures that are either related to or focused on specific questions. All of the resulting structures should be made generally available, along with the precursor entries, with various views of the structures being made available depending on the types of questions that users are interested in answering.

scholarly journals Leveraging Deep Neural Networks to Map Caribou Lichen in High-Resolution Satellite Images Based on a Small-Scale, Noisy UAV-Derived Map

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2658
Author(s):  
Shahab Jozdani ◽  
Dongmei Chen ◽  
Wenjun Chen ◽  
Sylvain G. Leblanc ◽  
Christian Prévost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sample Site ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Very High

Lichen is an important food source for caribou in Canada. Lichen mapping using remote sensing (RS) images could be a challenging task, however, as lichens generally appear in unevenly distributed, small patches, and could resemble surficial features. Moreover, collecting lichen labeled data (reference data) is expensive, which restricts the application of many robust supervised classification models that generally demand a large quantity of labeled data. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of using a very-high-spatial resolution (1-cm) lichen map of a small sample site (e.g., generated based on a single UAV scene and using field data) to train a subsequent classifier to map caribou lichen over a much larger area (~0.04 km2 vs. ~195 km2) and a lower spatial resolution image (in this case, a 50-cm WorldView-2 image). The limited labeled data from the sample site were also partially noisy due to spatial and temporal mismatching issues. For this, we deployed a recently proposed Teacher-Student semi-supervised learning (SSL) approach (based on U-Net and U-Net++ networks) involving unlabeled data to assist with improving the model performance. Our experiments showed that it was possible to scale-up the UAV-derived lichen map to the WorldView-2 scale with reasonable accuracy (overall accuracy of 85.28% and F1-socre of 84.38%) without collecting any samples directly in the WorldView-2 scene. We also found that our noisy labels were partially beneficial to the SSL robustness because they improved the false positive rate compared to the use of a cleaner training set directly collected within the same area in the WorldView-2 image. As a result, this research opens new insights into how current very high-resolution, small-scale caribou lichen maps can be used for generating more accurate large-scale caribou lichen maps from high-resolution satellite imagery.

scholarly journals Time evolution of uniform momentum zones in a turbulent boundary layer

2018 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 554-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laskari ◽  
R. de Kat ◽  
R. J. Hearst ◽  
B. Ganapathisubramani
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Measurement Plane ◽  
Very High ◽  
Flow States

Time-resolved planar particle image velocimetry was used to analyse the structuring of a turbulent boundary layer into uniform momentum zones (UMZs). The instantaneous peak-detection method employed by Adrian et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 422, 2000, pp. 1–54) and de Silva et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 786, 2016, pp. 309–331) is extended to account for temporal coherence of UMZs. The resulting number of zones detected appears to follow a normal distribution at any given instant. However, the extreme cases in which the number of zones is either very high or very low, are shown to be linked with two distinct flow states. A higher than average number of zones is associated with a large-scale $Q2$ event in the log region which creates increased small-scale activity within that region. Conversely, a low number of zones corresponds to a large-scale $Q4$ event in the log region and decreased turbulent activity away from the wall. The residence times, within the measurement plane, of zones belonging to the latter scenario are shown to be on average four times larger than those of zones present during higher than average zone structuring states. For both cases, greater residence times are observed for zones of higher momentum that are generally closer to the free stream.

Fabrication of Multi-Scale Grid Patterns as Deformation Carriers in Optical Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 782 ◽  
pp. 271-277
Author(s):  
Qing Hua Wang ◽  
Shi En Ri ◽  
Hiroshi Tsuda ◽  
Satoshi Kishimoto ◽  
Yoshihisa Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Deformation Measurement ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
New Type ◽  
Large Scale Grid ◽  
Scale Grid ◽  
Very High

Multi-scale grid is an essential deformation carrier in optical methods for multi-scale deformation measurement. In this study, several new-type multi-scale grids were designed and fabricated by electron beam lithography. Each pattern includes several periodically distributed dots with the same spacing but different sizes. As a consequence, the grayscale of the whole grid pattern periodically changes. The peak parts of the grayscale generate a secondary grid, i.e., the large-scale grid. The ratio of the large-scale grid pitch to the small-scale grid pitch can be easily adjusted according to the requirement. The natural integration between the small-scale grid and the large-scale grid works well in eliminating the mutual disturbance between the different-scale grids. Besides, this type of grid has a very high success rate in fabrication owing to the small differences in size between the big dots and the small dots. The proposed multi-scale grid pattern is expected to serve as the deformation carrier in moiré methods and geometric phase analysis for multi-scale deformation measurement.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of Science Student Worksheet based on Argument Driven Inquiry to Improve Argumentation Skills for Junior High School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Lismawati Lismawati* ◽  
Neni Hasnunidah ◽  
Abdurrahman Abdurrahman
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
School Students ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Very High

The survey results on teachers and students in six regencies/cities in Lampung Province showed that in science learning, teachers have not optimized the argumentative skills of students. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate science worksheets oriented to the argumentative skills of students. This study used a 4D-study design with Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) learning model. A small-scale trial was conducted on 20 IX-graders at SMP 9 Krui Pesisir Barat. The large-scale trial was conducted on 50 IX-graders at SMP 9 Krui Pesisir Barat by purposive sampling with one experimental class and one control class. The control class used a worksheet from a particular publisher, and the experimental class used the developed worksheet. Based on the results, the ADI model worksheet can be declared valid in terms of content, construction, and language with an average of 92.3% with very high criteria. The practicality of the ADI worksheet model can be seen from the implementation of learning, student responses, and teacher responses had an average of 89.24% with very high criteria. The effectiveness of the ADI model worksheet can be seen from the ability to work on argumentation skills test questions, showing that the control class N-gain was 0.27 with low criteria and the experimental class was 0.57 with medium criteria. The effect size (SE) of 0.64 showed that the developed science worksheet was effective in developing argumentative skills of students with medium criteria

scholarly journals Pengembangan Modul Bermain Sains Melalui Inkuiri Terbimbing untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif dan Sosial Emosional Anak

genius ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Libri Rizka Puri Windarta ◽  
Suyadi Suyadi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
High Category ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Very High

This research is aimed to develop science play module as well as knowing its eligibility in use. This is a R&D research, a developmental process including plan, design, and development. The data gathering technique consist of two technique first non-test that consists of observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaire. Second, test in of pre-test and post-test which are given before and after trial on educators. The researcher did observing and interviewing to explore the materials before developing. The next step was making the prototype of the material developments were going to be validated by media experts, material experts, peers, and educators. After making the prototype of the material developments, the researcher revised the product design then used  in a small-scale trials. The product revisions were made again before being used in large-scale trials. Furthermore, the result of pre-test and post-test based on research data analysis showed an increase in the ability to apply the method of playing science through guided inquiry with an average pre-test value of 11.6 while the average post-test value of 17.7, so that it experienced an increase of 6.2 with a standard gain of 0.71 on large-scale trials. The value of the standard gain is categorized in the "high" category. The observation of increasing  ability of the educators by using modules reaching 96.1%, so that it falls into the "very high" category. Thus, the use of modules is considered effective in increasing the ability to use science playing methods  guided inquiry Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan modul bermain sains serta mengetahui kelayakannya dalam penggunaan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian RND, yaitu proses pengembangan meliputi perencanaan, desain dan pengembangan. Teknik pengumpulan data terdiri dari dua yaitu pertama non-tes yang terdiri dari observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan angket. Kedua, test yang benbentuk pretest dan posttest yang akan diberikan sebelum dan sesudah ujicoba pada pendidik. Peneliti melakukan observasi dan wawancara untuk mengeksplor bahan sebelum pengembangan. Langkah selanjutnya adalah membuat prototipe bahan pengembangan yang kemudian di validasi oleh ahli media, ahli materi, teman sejawat, dan pendidik. Setelah itu dilakukan revisi desain produk yang kemudian digunakan dalam ujicoba skala kecil. Revisi produk dilakukan kembali sebelum digunakan dalam ujicoba skala besar. Selanjutnya hasil pretest dan posttest berdasarkan analisa data penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan dalam penerapan metode bermain sains melalui inkuiri terbimbing dengan nilai pretest rata-rata 11,6 sedangkan posttest rata-rata 17,8 sehingga mengalami peningkatan 6,2 dengan gain standar 0,71 pada ujicoba skala besar. Nilai gain standar tersebut masuk dalam kategori “tinggi”. Observasi peningkatan kemampuan pada pendidik dengan menggunakan modul mencapai 96,1%, sehingga masuk kategori “Sangat tinggi”. Dengan demikian penggunaan modul dianggap efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan menggunakan metode bermain sains melalui inkuiri terbimbing. Kata Kunci : bermain sains, inkuiri terbimbing, modul  

scholarly journals Actualization of Pancasila Values (Indonesian Ideology) in Majelis Taklim Organization

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Rika Erliyana ◽  
Samsul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Quantitative Data Analysis ◽  
Very High ◽  
Response Score

This research begins based on observations of many cases of decadence in the actualisation of Pancasila values in various fields, especially in the field of education. Because of the lack of students' understanding of the importance of actualising Pancasila values in all aspects of life. This type of research is research and development (R & D). The results of this study: the more their awareness of the importance of divinity values, deepened their understanding of the significance of tasammuh attitude (morality), members of Majelis Taklim (Islamic study organization) prioritize public interests over personal and group interests, the existence of fair and free deliberation in determining activity plans, and their increased awareness of the importance of implementing simple life behaviors. The results of quantitative data analysis show that the products developed are feasible to be used as learning media in the activities of the Taklim Assembly Organization. This evidenced by the study of the overall data of the validator, and the score of 3.93 is in the "Good" category. The constructor response score to the module in a small scale trial was 82% in the "very high" grade. Observation of the improvement in the ability of the coaches by applying the modules in small-scale experiments reached 86.33%, and large-scale trials reached 90%, which were both in the "very high" category. Penelitian ini diawali berdasarkan pengamatan banyak kasus-kasus dekadensi aktualisasi nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam berbagai bidang, terutama dalam bidang pendidikan. Karena kurangnya pemahaman siswa akan pentingnya mengaktualisasikan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D). Hasil penelitian: semakin bertambahnya kesadaran mereka terhadap pentingnya nilai ketuhanan, memperdalam pemahaman mereka mengenai pentingnya sikap tasammuh (berakhlak), siswa anggota Majelis Taklim (organisasi pengkajian Islam) lebih mengutamakan kepentingan umum di atas kepentingan pribadi dan golongan, adanya musyawarah yang adil dan bebas berpendapat dalam menentukan rencana kegiatan, serta bertambahnya kesadaran mereka akan pentingnya menerapkan perilaku hidup sederhana. Hasil analisa data kuantitatif menunjukan bahwa produk yang dikembangkan layak untuk digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran dalam kegiatan Organisasi Majelis Taklim. Hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan analisa data keseluruhan validator diperoleh skor 3,93 yang berada pada kategori “Baik”. Skor respon pembina terhadap modul dalam uji coba skala kecil sebesar 82% yang  berada pada kategori “sangat tinggi”. Observasi peningkatan kemampuan pada pembina dengan menerapkan modul pada uji coba skala kecil mencapai 86,33% dan uji coba skala besar mencapai 90% yang sama-sama berada pada kategori “sangat tinggi”.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document