Long term developments in switching

1978 ◽  
Vol 289 (1356) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Distributed Control ◽  
Optical Transmission ◽  
Digital Transmission ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Control

Developments are considered under the headings (i) connection techniques, (ii) control techniques, (hi) interaction of switching and transmission techniques, (iv) facilities offered, and (v) connecting network topology. In each topic, there are open questions. The major forecasts are: (i) the extensive use of electronic digital multiplex connecting networks, compatible with digital transmission systems; (ii) the introduction of optical connecting techniques, which offer both compatibility with optical transmission and some interesting new possibilities for the size and configuration of switches; (iii) the extensive use of stored program control; (iv) the supplementation of central processors by distributed control techniques for the common operational procedures, probably using microprocessors; and (v) the widespread use of semiconductor integrated circuits both for connection and control functions.

Third World vulnerabilities and global negotiations

1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Krasner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Third World ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
The Common ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
And Control

What do Third World countries want? More wealth. How can they get it? By adopting more economically rational policies. What should the North do? Facilitate these policies. How should the North approach global negotiations? With cautious optimism. What is the long term prognosis for North–South relations? Hopeful, at least if economic development occurs. This is the common wisdom about relations between industrialized and developing areas in the United States and much of the rest of the North, Within this fold there are intense debates among adherents of conventional liberal, reformist liberal, and interdependence viewpoints. But the emphasis on economics at the expense of politics, on material well-being as opposed to power and control, pervades all of these orientations.

scholarly journals An Early Myelosuppression in the Acute Mouse Sepsis Is Partly Outcome-Dependent

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Skirecki ◽  
Susanne Drechsler ◽  
Aldona Jeznach ◽  
Grażyna Hoser ◽  
Mohammad Jafarmadar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Multipotent Progenitors ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Control

Adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) respond to bacterial infections by expansion to myeloid cells. Sepsis impairs this process by suppressing differentiation of stem cells subsequently contributing to an ineffective immune response. Whether the magnitude of HSPCs impairment in sepsis is severity-dependent remains unknown. This study investigated dynamics of the HSPC immune-inflammatory response in the bone marrow, splenic, and blood compartments in moribund and surviving septic mice. The 12-week-old outbred CD-1 female mice (n=65) were subjected to a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis, treated with antibiotics and fluid resuscitation, and stratified into predicted-to-die (P-DIE) and predicted-to-survive (P-SUR) cohorts for analysis. CLP strongly reduced the common myeloid and multipotent progenitors, short- and long-term hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) counts in the bone marrow; lineage−ckit+Sca-1+ and short-term HSC suppression was greater in P-DIE versus P-SUR mice. A profound depletion of the common myeloid progenitors occurred in the blood (by 75%) and spleen (by 77%) of P-DIE. In P-SUR, most common circulating HSPCs subpopulations recovered to baseline by 72 h post-CLP. Analysis of activated caspase-1/-3/-7 revealed an increased apoptotic (by 30%) but not pyroptotic signaling in the bone marrow HSCs of P-DIE mice. The bone marrow from P-DIE mice revealed spikes of IL-6 (by 5-fold), CXCL1/KC (15-fold), CCL3/MIP-1α (1.7-fold), and CCL2/MCP-1 (2.8-fold) versus P-SUR and control (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, -5, -10 remained unaltered). Summarizing, our findings demonstrate that an early sepsis-induced impairment of myelopoiesis is strongly outcome-dependent but varies among compartments. It is suggestive that the HSCPC loss is at least partly due to an increased apoptosis but not pyroptosis.

Processing and Characterization of Thousand-Hour 500 °C Durable 4H-SiC JFET Integrated Circuits

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (HiTEC) ◽  
pp. 000249-000256 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Spry ◽  
Philip G. Neudeck ◽  
Liang-Yu Chen ◽  
Dorothy Lukco ◽  
Carl W. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Ohmic Contacts ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Operational Testing ◽  
And Control ◽  
Technology Foundation

Abstract This work reports fabrication and testing of integrated circuits (ICs) with two levels of interconnect that consistently achieve greater than 1000 hours of stable electrical operation at 500 °C in air ambient. These ICs are based on 4H-SiC junction field effect transistor (JFET) technology that integrates hafnium ohmic contacts with TaSi2 interconnects and SiO2 and Si3N4 dielectric layers over ~ 1-μm scale vertical topology. Following initial burn-in, important circuit parameters remain stable for more than 1000 hours of 500 °C operational testing. These results advance the technology foundation for realizing long-term durable 500 °C ICs with increased functional capability for sensing and control combustion engine, planetary, deep-well drilling, and other harsh-environment applications.

Effects of BEOL Stack on Thermal Mechanical Stress of Cu Lines

2006 ◽  
Vol 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Hyun Rhee ◽  
Conal E. Murray ◽  
Paul R. Besser
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Low K

AbstractThe measurement and control of the stress state in BEOL interconnects are important to ensure structural integrity and long term reliability of integrated circuits. Thermal stress in interconnects is determined by the thermal-mechanical properties of Cu lines, substrate, and dielectric materials. The effect of BEOL stacks on thermal stress characteristics of Cu lines were investigated using X-ray diffraction stress measurements. The stress characteristics of M1 and M4 level interconnects in full low-k and low-k/oxide hybrid dielectric stacks were evaluated, and the results indicated reduced substrate confinement and an increased impact of the dielectric material on in-plane stresses in higher level interconnects. The effects of dielectric stack and material properties were examined and the implication in the stresses of multilevel interconnects are discussed.

Advancements in Optimization and Control Techniques for Intensifying Processes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2150
Author(s):  
Jesús Rafael Alcántara Avila ◽  
Zong Yang Kong ◽  
Hao-Yeh Lee ◽  
Jaka Sunarso
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Optimization And Control ◽  
And Control

Process Intensification (PI) is a vast and growing area in Chemical Engineering, which deals with the enhancement of current technology to enable improved efficiency; energy, cost, and environmental impact reduction; small size; and better integration with the other equipment. Since process intensification results in novel, but complex, systems, it is necessary to rely on optimization and control techniques that can cope with such new processes. Therefore, this review presents some advancements in the field of process intensification that are worthy of exploring in detail in the coming years. At the end, several important open questions that can be taken into consideration in the coming years are listed.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

PROJECT ON ELECTRONIC STEERING SYSYTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Shivam Dwivedi ◽  
Prof. Vikas Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Steering System ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Electronic Steering ◽  
And Control

As the four-wheel steering (4WS) system has great potentials, many researchers' attention was attracted to this technique and active research was made. As a result, passenger cars equipped with 4WS systems were put on the market a few years ago. This report tries to identify the essential elements of the 4WS technology in terms of vehicle dynamics and control techniques. Based on the findings of this investigation, the report gives a mechanism of electronically controlling the steering system depending on the variable pressure applied on it. This enhances the controlling and smoothens the operation of steering mechanism.

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