scholarly journals VII. Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine and of its products of decomposition.—Part II

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Salt ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Dark Blue

In this memoir the following reactions have been studied:— 1. The Action of Hydrochloric and Acids on Opianic Acid . When strong hydrochloric or hydriodic acid acts at 100° for some time on opianic acid, iodide or chloride of methyl is evolved and a new acid formed, C 10 H 10 O 5 + HCl= C 9 H 8 O 5 + CH 3 Cl. We propose to call this acid methyl nor-opianic acid, as it stands intermediate between opianic acid and the normal opianic acid:— Normal opianic acid ....... C 8 H 6 O 5 Methyl nor-opianic acid ..... C 9 H 8 O 5 Opianic acid or dimethyl nor-opianic acid. C 10 H 10 O 5 The new acid is soluble in cold water, but much more so in hot, from which it crystallizes on cooling with 2½ molecules of water. Like hypogallic acid it strikes a dark blue with sesquichloride of iron; but on addition of ammonia in excess, alight-red solution is produced, differing, therefore, from the hypogallic-aeid blue, with which ammonia becomes bloodred. From the analysis of the silver-salt it appears that methyl noropianic acid is monobasic.

scholarly journals II. Contributions towards the history of thiobenzamide

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 499-502
Keyword(s):  
Pure State ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Free Iodine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

When a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through a solution of benzonitrile in alcoholic ammonia, the liquid, after the lapse of a few hours, deposits fine yellow needles, which are the thiobenzamide, C 7 H 7 NS = C 7 H 5 S} N H} N H} N, discovered by M. Cahours. It can be obtained in a pure state by recrystallization from boiling water. When a cold saturated alcoholic solution of this body is mixed with an alcoholic solution of iodine, the latter is immediately decolorized with separation of sulphur. If the addition of iodine solution be continued until even after a short boiling free iodine remains, which can readily be detected by starch-paste, the solution filtered from the sulphur, and poured into water, solidifies to a mass of white interlaced needles, which can readily be freed from adhering hydriodic acid by washing with cold water.

scholarly journals III. Researches into the chemical constitution of the opium bases. Part I.—On the action of hydrochloric acid on morphia

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Steam Drying

It has been shown that when narcotine is heated with an excess of concentrated hydrochloric or hydriodic acid, one, two, or three molecules of methyl are successively eliminated, and a series of new bases homologous with narcotine obtained. It appeared interesting to see if any similar reactions took place with morphia; and for this purpose a quantity of that base, in a perfectly pure state, kindly furnished by Messrs. M‘Farlane, of Edinburgh, was submitted to experiment. The purity of the substance was shown by the following analysis. It was found that although crystallized morphia does not lose its water of crystallization in an ordinary steam drying-closet ( i. e . slightly below 100°), yet it readily loses the whole when placed in a Liebig’s drying-tube immersed in boiling water, dry air being aspirated over it.

XXII. Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine, and of its products of decomposition.—Part II

1867 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Chemical Constitution

About four years ago we had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society a paper entitled “Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine, and of its Products of Decomposition”*, and we now desire to lay before the Society some results obtained in the further prosecution of the same inquiry. We are fully aware that our present communication is in many respects very incomplete, but as we have no prospect of being able to resume the investigation conjointly, we venture to present the results already obtained as they are. In the previous paper it was shown that narcotine and its principal derivatives, opianic acid, meconin, hemipinic acid, and cotarnine, are decomposed when heated with hydro­chloric acid or hydriodic acid into iodide or chloride of methyl, and one or more other products. With the exception, however, of those obtained from hemipinic acid and cotarnine these second products had not been examined: the present memoir relates principally to the further study of these reactions.

I. Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine, and of its products of decomposition.—Part III

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Chemical Constitution

In this part the preparation is described of two new bases derived from narcotine. 1. On the Action of Hydriodic Acid on Narcotine .—When narcotine is heated with fiyming hydriodic acid, iodide of methyl is evolved, and on investigating the residue it is found to consist of the iodide of a new base.

scholarly journals 3. An account of the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 542-543
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Potash ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Purple Colour ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Almond Oil ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Bitter Almond ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metallic Potassium

The substance which is the subject of investigation in this paper is a volatile oil, obtained by distillation from a mixture of bran, sul­phuric acid and water, and is designated by the author by the name of furfurol . Its chemical composition is expressed by the formula C 15 H 6 O 6 , and its properties are the following:—When free from water and freshly rectified, it is nearly colourless; but after a few hours, it acquires a brownish tint, which eventually deepens almost to blackness. When in contact with water, or when not properly rendered anhydrous, it is less subject to change, and merely assumes a yellow colour. Its odour resembles that of a mixture of bitter almond oil and oil of cassia, but has less fragrance. Its specific gravity at 60° Fahr. is 1·168; it boils at 323° Fahr., and distils at that temperature without alteration. It dissolves to a large extent in cold water and also in alcohol. Its solution in concentrated sul­phuric acid has a magnificent purple colour, and is decomposed by water. Nitric acid, with the aid of heat, attacks the oil with pro­digious violence, evolving copious red fumes, and generating oxalic acid, which appears to be the only product. It dissolves in a solu­tion of caustic potash, forming a deep brown liquid, from which acids precipitate a resinous matter. With a slight heat, it explodes when acted upon by metallic potassium. When placed in contact with 5 or 6 times its bulk of Liquor ammoniæ , it is gradually converted into a solid, yellowish-white, and somewhat crystalline mass, which is very bulky, perfectly soluble in cold water, and easily obtained in a state of dryness under a vacuum. The formula expressing the chemical constitution of this substance, or of furfuroamide , as the author calls it, is C 15 H 6 N O 3 , and it is classed by him with the amides . The oil itself appears to be identical with the substance described by Dr. Stenhouse under the name of artificial oil of ants . Another substance, isomeric with the amides, and of which the formula is C 30 H 12 N 2 O 6 , was obtained by the author, and termed by him furfurine ,and found to have the proper­ties of a vegeto-alkali, and to form saline compounds with various acids.

XXIII. Researches into the chemical constitution of narcotine, and of its products of decomposition.—Part III

1869 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Time

In Part II. of this investigation, carried out in conjunction with Professor Foster, it was stated that when narcotine is heated for some time with strong hydrochloric acid a new base was formed, which we called methyl-normal-narcotine, or methyl-nornarcotine, being derived from narcotine by replacing two atoms of methyl by two of hydrogen. In continuing the research into this subject, it has been observed that when narcotine is heated with hydrochloric acid, for only a short time, one atom of methyl is replaced by hydrogen; and further, that when narcotine is heated with fuming hydriodic acid, three atoms of methyl are replaced by three of hydrogen, thus forming two other bases, the description of the preparation and properties of which form the subject of this Memoir.

OXIDATION OF D-GALACTURONIC ACID WITH SOME DELIGNIFYING AND BLEACHING AGENTS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1820-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Zienius ◽  
C. B. Purves
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Silver Salt ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Mucic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Tartronic Acid ◽  
Approximate Order

D-Galacturonic acid was oxidized with decreasing ease, and in the approximate order shown, by excess of the following agents: sodium chlorite near pH 2.8 and 75°; sodium hypochlorite at pH 10–11 and 25°; chlorine dioxide, pH 1.3 or 5 at 75°; chlorine near 0° and pH 5 (slight); and hydrogen peroxide at pH 10–11 and 25° (negligible). Some uronic acid was always recovered unchanged, even from conditions that would have oxidized glucose quantitatively to gluconic acid. The only other products were mucic acid, together with DL-tartaric acid and tartronic acid presumably derived therefrom. Chlorine dioxide, however, never produced tartronic acid. Methyl-α-D-galacturonoside methyl ester yielded some galacturonic acid when exposed to alkaline hypochlorite or peroxide, and this cleavage of the glycosidic group was tentatively attributed to the oxidants rather than to the alkalinity of the systems.Anhydrous bromine degraded the silver salt of methyl-α-D-galacturonoside in poor yield to a syrup which was probably L-arabotrihydroxyglutaric dialdehyde.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

Operation intensification methods of aggressive industrial sewage neutralization facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153
Author(s):  
N. S. Tsarev ◽  
V. I. Aksenov ◽  
I. I. Nichkova
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Preliminary Heating ◽  
Sediment Treatment ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Equipment Operation ◽  
Sediment Volume ◽  
Industrial Sewage

To neutralize the waste pickling solutions and rinsing water, resulting from cleaning metal products s surface of rust by acids solutions, lime is used. Being cheap, this method of sewage neutralization has considerable drawbacks. Forming in the technological pipes strong gypsum depositions and low specific productivity of the equipment for sediment dewatering are most significant of them. Characteristic of aggressive industrial sewage, formed at pickling of ferrous metals presented. Methods of elimination of drawbacks of industrial sewage neutralization by lime considered, including stabilization of neutralized industrial sewage and control of properties of the sediment formed. It was noted, that stability of the circulating water can be provided by accelerating of crystallization of the forming gypsum sediments by introducing in it fine priming powder and heating the neutralized water up to 65-70 °С followed by thermal softening of a part of circulating water, removed out of the circulating system. It was shown, that the heating of the water and the ongoing changes of the composition and properties of the sediment result in decrease of filtration resistance 2-3 folds, increase of deposition speed 3-4 folds and decrease the sediment volume 1.5-2 folds comparing with lime neutralization in cold water. Calculated dozes of lime at the heating were taken the same as at the regular lime neutralization. Elimination of the circulating water oversaturation by bi-water gypsum can be reached also by addition into the water of powder-like gypsum pulp - priming powder for microcrystals of the gypsum, followed by aeration during 30-40 min. This method was tested under industrial conditions. Technological properties of the forming sediment can be improved by sediment treatment by flocculants and preliminary heating of the neutralized water up to 65-70 °С. Control of technological properties of the sediment is done by addition of flocculants and heating of the neutralized water. Recommendations for improving operation of the neutralization facilities presented with indicating particular technological parameters of the equipment operation for sewage and sediment treatment. 

INFLUENCE THE QUENCHING AND TEMPERING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS, OF MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Sattar H A Alfatlawi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

One of ways to improve properties of materials without changing the product shape toobtain the desired engineering applications is heating and cooling under effect of controlledsequence of heat treatment. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect ofheating and cooling on the surface roughness, microstructure and some selected propertiessuch as the hardness and impact strength of Medium Carbon Steel which treated at differenttypes of heat treatment processes. Heat treatment achieved in this work was respectively,heating, quenching and tempering. The specimens were heated to 850°C and left for 45minutes inside the furnace as a holding time at that temperature, then quenching process wasperformed in four types of quenching media (still air, cold water (2°C), oil and polymersolution), respectively. Thereafter, the samples were tempered at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°Cwith one hour as a soaking time for each temperature, then were all cooled by still air. Whenthe heat treatment process was completed, the surface roughness, hardness, impact strengthand microstructure tests were performed. The results showed a change and clearimprovement of surface roughness, mechanical properties and microstructure afterquenching was achieved, as well as the change that took place due to the increasingtoughness and ductility by reducing of brittleness of samples.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document