scholarly journals Long-term demographic consequences of a seed dispersal disruption

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3298-3303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Traveset ◽  
Juan P. González-Varo ◽  
Alfredo Valido
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Induced Changes

The loss or decline of vertebrate frugivores can limit the regeneration of plants that depend on them. However, empirical evidence is showing that this is still very scarce, as functionally equivalent species may contribute to maintain the mutualistic interaction. Here, we investigated the long-term consequences of the extinction of frugivorous lizards on the population persistence of a Mediterranean relict shrub Cneorum tricoccon (Cneoraceae). We examined the demographic parameters among 26 insular and mainland populations, which encompass the entire plant distributional range, comparing populations with lizards with those in which these are extinct, but in which alien mammals currently act as seed dispersers. Plant recruitment was found to be higher on island populations with lizards than on those with mammals, and the long-term effects of the native disperser's loss were found in all vital phases of plant regeneration. The study thus gives evidence of the cascading effects of human-induced changes in ecosystems, showing how the disruption of native ecological processes can lead to species regression and, in the long term, even to local extinctions.

scholarly journals Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Exposure to THC-Rich/CBD-Poor and CBD-Rich/THC-Poor Combinations: A Comparison with Pure THC Treatment in Female Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8899
Author(s):  
Marina Gabaglio ◽  
Erica Zamberletti ◽  
Cristina Manenti ◽  
Daniela Parolaro ◽  
Tiziana Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Adolescent Exposure ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

Cannabis is the most-used recreational drug worldwide, with a high prevalence of use among adolescents. In animal models, long-term adverse effects were reported following chronic adolescent exposure to the main psychotomimetic component of the plant, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, these studies investigated the effects of pure THC, without taking into account other cannabinoids present in the cannabis plant. Interestingly, cannabidiol (CBD) content seems to mitigate some of the side effects of THC, at least in adult animals. Thus, in female rats, we evaluated the long-term consequences of a co-administration of THC and CBD at a 3:1 ratio, chosen based on the analysis of recently confiscated illegal cannabis samples in Europe. CBD content is able to mitigate some of the long-term behavioral alterations induced by adolescent THC exposure as well as long-term changes in CB1 receptor and microglia activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also investigated, for the first time, possible long-term effects of chronic administration of a THC/CBD combination reminiscent of “light cannabis” (CBD:THC in a 33:1 ratio; total THC 0.3%). Repeated administration of this CBD:THC combination has long-term adverse effects on cognition and leads to anhedonia. Concomitantly, it boosts Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) levels in the PFC, suggesting a possible lasting effect on GABAergic neurotransmission.

scholarly journals Trastuzumab in the Treatment of Pregnant Breast Cancer Patients – an Overview of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (06) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia S. Goller ◽  
Udo R. Markert ◽  
Karolin Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Systemic Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Target Agent

AbstractBreast cancer is one of the most common malignancies which appear during pregnancy. Since women are increasingly not giving birth until they are at a more advanced age, it can be assumed that the incidence of pregnancy-related breast cancers will continue to increase in the future. Because of pregnancy-induced changes and conservative diagnosis, these carcinomas are frequently not detected until they are at an advanced stage and thus generally require systemic adjuvant therapy. The available data on optimal chemotherapeutic management are limited. Particularly for the use of the target agent trastuzumab which could crucially contribute to improving the prognosis in the therapy of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer in non-pregnant women, there is a lack of definitive information regarding the profile of action and safety in pregnancy as well as with regard to any long-term effects on the child. Thirty-eight pregnancies on trastuzumab for the treatment of breast cancer were able to be analysed in the literature currently available. Information can be gained from this and conclusions can be drawn which can individualise and decisively improve therapeutic options in the future for the pregnant breast cancer patient.

Leaf decomposition of cork oak under three different land uses within a montado of southern Portugal

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Maria Luísa Arosa ◽  
Sofia R. Costa ◽  
Helena Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Habitats Directive ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Southern Portugal

This study compared litter decomposition dynamics of cork oak at three sites under different land-uses (grassland, shrubland and woodland), in a montado ecosystem in Southern Portugal. The montado is a protected habitat within the EU Habitats Directive, but the long-term persistence of cork oak is endangered in these ecosystems, with health of poor cork oak and low natural regeneration rates being the main causes of degradation. Moreover, human management has resulted in the conversion of woodlands to grasslands and may have long-term effects on soil nutrient availability, eventually modifying soil nutrient budgets. Knowledge of the ecological processes is therefore relevant for ecosystem management and species conservation. In the study, the estimated amount of leaf fall from cork oak showed no significant differences between land uses, despite the positive influence of tree crown size on leaf fall. Decomposition was affected by season, vegetation cover, leaf thickness and litter quality. Differences in land use that exposed soil to harsh climate conditions negatively affected soil microbial dynamics, resulting in lower decomposition rates in the more disturbed sites with lower canopy cover.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of the Printing Press in sub-Saharan Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Cagé ◽  
Valeria Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Sub Saharan

This article investigates the long-term consequences of the printing press in the nineteenth century sub-Saharan Africa on social capital nowadays. Protestant missionaries were the first to import the printing press and to allow the indigenous population to use it. We build a new geocoded dataset locating Protestant missions in 1903. This dataset includes, for each mission station, the geographic location and its characteristics, as well as the printing-, educational-, and health-related investments undertaken by the mission. We show that, within regions close to missions, proximity to a printing press is associated with higher newspaper readership, trust, education, and political participation. (JEL L82, N37, N77, N97, O17, O43, Z13)

The Emergence of the Asian System of Powers

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Stargardt
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Local Organizations ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Administrative Experience ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The ‘downward sweep’ of Japan after Pearl Harbor has been widely noted for its long-term effects in Southeast Asia. The rule of the established colonial masters was shattered, and those failing to escape disappeared into the camps of the Kempeitai. In Burma and Java, in particular, Japanese rule promoted local organizations, local administratiors, the indigenous language and, in Burma, a ‘national’ government and a ‘national’ army, under Japanese supervision: the one thing Japan did not bring was freedom and independence. Yet the greatly-increased social mobility and political, military and administrative experience had long-term consequences: none of the post-war attempts at colonial restoration proved viable.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of litter size manipulation in a small wild-derived rodent

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 20131096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Lehto Hürlimann ◽  
Antoine Stier ◽  
Olivier Scholly ◽  
François Criscuolo ◽  
Pierre Bize
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Common Vole ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Litter Size Manipulation ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Iteroparous organisms maximize their overall fitness by optimizing their reproductive effort over multiple reproductive events. Hence, changes in reproductive effort are expected to have both short- and long-term consequences on parents and their offspring. In laboratory rodents, manipulation of reproductive efforts during lactation has however revealed few short-term reproductive adjustments, suggesting that female laboratory rodents express maximal rather than optimal levels of reproductive investment as observed in semelparous organisms. Using a litter size manipulation (LSM) experiment in a small wild-derived rodent (the common vole; Microtus arvalis ), we show that females altered their reproductive efforts in response to LSM, with females having higher metabolic rates and showing alternative body mass dynamics when rearing an enlarged rather than reduced litter. Those differences in female reproductive effort were nonetheless insufficient to fully match their pups’ energy demand, pups being lighter at weaning in enlarged litters. Interestingly, female reproductive effort changes had long-term consequences, with females that had previously reared an enlarged litter being lighter at the birth of their subsequent litter and producing lower quality pups. We discuss the significance of using wild-derived animals in studies of reproductive effort optimization.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of Workplace Bullying on Health, Wellbeing, and on the Professional and Personal Lives of Bully-victims

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-51
Author(s):  
Carolyn Marlowe ◽  
Huat Bin (Andy) Ang ◽  
Akhtar Akhtaruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Bully Victims ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Laissez Faire

One of the aims of this study was to give a voice to the victims of workplace bullying (WPB). Narratives or stories told by the victims allow researchers to better understand, challenge, and update outdated thinking of WPB. This paper identifies gaps in the literature regarding the long-term consequences of WPB on workers’ health and wellbeing, and how this impacts their professional and personal lives. The findings of this paper are based on a qualitative study that documented individual experiences of six WPB victims. Analysis of the findings shows how deeply rooted the issue of WPB is, opens conversations, highlights possible causes, and redefines solutions. Reflecting on Aotearoa New Zealand’s laissez-faire attitude towards WPB as well as realising the need for anti-bullying strategies, clearer guidelines, and the promotion of interventions to support employees, this study raises the awareness of the long-term consequences of WPB and its impact on victims and society.

scholarly journals A Charter for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Lin Chang ◽  
Michael McAleer ◽  
Vicente Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
International Community ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the COVID-19 disease is highly infectious and contagious. The long-term consequences for individuals are as yet unknown, while the long-term effects on the international community will be dramatic. COVID-19 has changed the world forever in every imaginable respect and has impacted heavily on the international travel, tourism demand, and hospitality industry, which is one of the world’s largest employers and is highly sensitive to significant shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. It is essential to investigate how the industry will recover after COVID-19 and how the industry can be made sustainable in a dramatically changed world. This paper presents a charter for tourism, travel, and hospitality after COVID-19 as a contribution to the industry.

scholarly journals Single-nucleotide polymorphisms as biomarkers of long-term radiation-induced changes in systemic immunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
А.А. Аклеев ◽  
Е.А. Блинова ◽  
А.В. Аклеев
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Induced Changes

Актуальность. Поиск молекулярно-генетических предикторов злокачественных новообразований важен как для понимания патогенетических механизмов отдалённых последствий облучения человека в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы, так и для персонификации их радиационного риска. Цель. Исследовать связь однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (ОНП) генов, регулирующих иммунные реакции, с показателями системного иммунитета у облученных людей в отдалённые сроки. Методы. Через 60 и более лет после начала хронического облучения в широком диапазоне доз (диапазон индивидуальных значений: 0,08-4,46 Гр) обследовано 384 жителя прибрежных сел реки Течи. Проанализировано влияние носительства ОНП генов (PAD4 rs874881, MPO rs2333227, NOX2 rs4673, а также IL1b rs1143634, IL2 rs2069762, IL4 rs2070874, IL6 rs1800795, IL8 rs4073, IL10 rs1800871, IL10 rs1800872, TNFα rs361525, MAPK8 rs2239815, STAT3 rs1053023, GATA3 rs4143094 и NF-κB1 rs28362491) на показатели системного иммунитета. Результаты. Установлено модифицирующее влияние полиморфных вариантов генов MAPK8 rs2239815, NF-κB1 rs28362491, STAT3 rs1053023 и GATA3 rs4143094 на численность основных субпопуляций лимфоцитов в периферической крови; IL10 rs1800872 и PAD4 rs874881, соответственно, - на содержание сывороточных ИЛ-10 и ФНО-α. Полиморфизмы IL2 rs2069762, IL6 rs1800795, IL12 rs3212227 и MPО rs2333227 оказывали модифицирующее влияние на функциональное состояние иммунокомпетентных клеток у облученных людей в отдалённые сроки. Заключение. Однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы генов, вовлеченные в регуляцию иммунитета, могут рассматриваться в качестве потенциальных биомаркёров, ассоциированных с радиационно-индуцированными изменениями системного иммунитета, и предикторов отдалённых последствий облучения человека, прежде всего, злокачественных новообразований. Background. The search for molecular genetic predictors for malignant neoplasms is important for both understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms for long-term consequences of low dose and low dose rate exposure of people, and for personification of their radiation risk. The aim was to study the connection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes regulating immune responses with systemic immune parameters in exposed persons in the long-term. Methods. 384 residents of the Techa riverside settlements were examined 60 and more years after the onset of chronic exposure to a wide range of doses (range of individual values: 0.08-4.46 Gy). Effects of carrying SNP genes (PAD4 rs874881, MPO rs2333227, NOX2 rs4673, as well as IL1b rs1143634, IL2 rs2069762, IL4 rs2070874, IL6 rs1800795, IL8 rs4073, IL10 rs1800871, IL10 rs1800872, TNFα rs361525, MAPK8 rs2239815, STAT3 rs1053023, GATA3 rs4143094 and NF-κB1 rs28362491) on systemic immune parameters were studied. Results. MAPK8 rs2239815, NF-κB1 rs28362491, STAT3 rs1053023 and GATA3 rs4143094 gene polymorphisms exerted a modifying effect on the number of main subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes; IL10 rs1800872 and PAD4 rs874881, respectively, modified serum concentrations of IL-10 and TNFα. Polymorphisms IL2 rs2069762, IL6 rs1800795, IL12 rs3212227 and MPО rs2333227 modified the functional status of immunocompetent cells in exposed persons in the long-term. Conclusion. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes involved in immune regulation can be considered as potential biomarkers associated with radiation-induced changes in the systemic immunity and as predictors for long-term consequences in exposed persons, primarily for malignant neoplasms.

scholarly journals Long-term reproductive impairment in a seabird after the Prestige oil spill

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20131041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Barros ◽  
David Álvarez ◽  
Alberto Velando
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reproductive Impairment ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Impact

Large oil spills are dramatic perturbations on marine ecosystems, and seabirds are one of the worst affected organisms in such events. It has been argued that oil spills may have important long-term consequences on marine organisms, but supporting evidence remains scarce. The European shag ( Phalacrocorax aristotelis ) was strongly impacted at population level by the Prestige oil spill, the biggest spillage in the eastern North Atlantic. In this paper, we report on the long-term consequences on reproduction of this coastal seabird, using temporal and spatial replicated data (before–after–control–impact design). Our study revealed long-term reproductive impairment during at least the first 10 years since the Prestige oil spill. Annual reproductive success did not differ before the impact, but after the impact it was reduced by 45% in oiled colonies compared with unoiled ones. This is a rare documentation of long-term effects after a major oil spill, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring in order to assess the real impact of this type of disturbance on marine organisms.

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