scholarly journals On the weight of precipitum obtainable in precipitin interactions with small weights of homologous protein

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (538) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Homologous Protein ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
Homologous Antiserum ◽  
Aseptic Conditions ◽  
Micro Organisms

In a previous communication on precipitin reactions, we brought forward observations which led to the conclusion that the precipitum is derived mainly from the antiserum and not from the homologous protein. In a recent review of our paper the suggestion was made that gravimetric evidence might be more conclusive. Acting on this suggestion, we have carried out experiments in which a considerable amount of antiserum was allowed to interact with a known small amount of homologous protein. As soon as the interaction was completed, the deposits were collected, washed, and weighed. In every case the amount of dried precipitum exceeded the amount of dried homologous protein. The smallest precipitum obtained weighed more than twice, the largest more than 25 times, the homologous protein employed in the interaction. Former observations had revealed that antisera require very different amounts of protein to ensure the formation of maximal deposits. It was, therefore, to be expected that considerable variations would be obtained in the weight of deposits produced by small amounts of protein in different antisera. Method of Experiment . The antiserum was obtained from rabbits which were bled on the day of the experiment. One milligramme or 2·5 milligrammes dried egg-white or blood serum was dissolved in 10 c. c. salt solution and added to the homologous antiserum, together with about 90 c. c. salt solution. The whole of the available clear antiserum, with the exception of less than 1 c. c. reserved for control observations, was employed. The dried protein was prepared under aseptic conditions, and very precaution was taken to exclude micro-organisms during the experiment. After 48 hours the clear superfluids were removed, and were usually subjected to further experiment, either by addition of more homologous protein, or by addition of fresh antiserum from another immunised animal. Since it had been shown that different homologous antisera might interact to yield a precipitate, appropriate controls were carried out which showed that no trace of deposit occurred as the result of the interactions with one another of the antisera used in these experiments.

scholarly journals A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERS

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Severe Reaction ◽  
Meningeal Irritation ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Normal Controls

1. A meningococcus vaccine suspended in salt solution has been given subcutaneously as a prophylactic to about 3,700 volunteers in three injections of 2,000 million, 4,000 million, and 4,000 or 8,000 million cocci at weekly intervals. 2. These doses rarely caused more than the mildest local and general reactions. Exceptionally a more severe reaction emphasized the presence of an unusual individual susceptibility to the vaccine. In such instances the symptoms were in part those of meningeal irritation and sometimes simulated the onset of meningitis. 3. Specific meningococcus agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of vaccinated men as compared with normal controls. 4. Moreover, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of chronic carriers of the meningococcus. Evidence is thus brought forward that the relative immunity of chronic carriers to epidemic meningitis may be due to the presence of specific antibodies in the blood stream.

scholarly journals TOXIC SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY PNEUMOCOCCUS

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufus Cole
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Peritoneal Washings

1. The filtered blood serum of rabbits infected with pneumococci is not toxic. 2. Extracts of pneumococci prepared by keeping emulsions of the bacteria in salt solution at 37° C. for varying periods of time may be toxic, and when injected intravenously into guinea pigs, may produce a train of symptoms followed by acute death resembling that seen in acute anaphylaxis. Such extracts, however, are not uniformly toxic and it has been impossible to discover the exact conditions under which such extracts become toxic. 3. When the centrifugalized peritoneal washings of guinea pigs infected with pneumococci are injected into the circulation of normal guinea pigs, these animals very frequently exhibit symptoms like those seen in acute anaphylaxis, and a considerable proportion of the animals die acutely. 4. When pneumococci are dissolved in dilute solutions of bile salts and the solution resulting is injected intravenously into rabbits and guinea pigs, these animals show with great constancy the same symptoms that are seen in acute anaphylaxis. The solution of pneumococci in bile may occur in ten minutes at 37° C. or in half an hour on ice. This is considered evidence that the toxicity of the solution does not result from digestion of the bacterial protein, but is due to substances preformed in the bacterial cells and set free on their solution. The toxicity of the solution is diminished or destroyed by heating to 55° C. or over.

scholarly journals On the Relative Efficacy of the Doulton, Berkefeld and Brownlow Filters

1908 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bulloch ◽  
J. Anderson Craw ◽  
E. E. Atkin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
The Past ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Contaminated Waters

In a previous communication (1906) it was shown by Bulloch and Craw that the Doulton “white filter” prevented the direct transimmission of micro-organisms, and that the filtrates from highly contaminated waters were germ free until sufficient time had been given for the bacteria to grow through the filter mass. It was demonstrated, in fact, that the Doulton filter was at least as efficient in the retention of micro-organisms as the best material on the market, viz. the Pasteur-Chamberland filter, and excelled the latter in its rate of filtration. It was pointed out that, with the possible exception of Kieselguhr, filters, only porcelain bougies could be relied upon to prevent direct transmission of germs. During the past year we have tested the relative efficiency of porcelain and Kieselguhr filters, in particular the Doulton porcelain filter and the Berkefeld Kieselguhr filter. A few samples of the Slack and Brownlow filter (sand and porcelain mixture?) were also tested.

scholarly journals On the Differentiation of Proteins of Closely Related Species by the Precipitin Reaction

1910 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Welsh ◽  
H. G. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Homologous Protein ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Hen Egg ◽  
Avian Egg

The ultimate problem underlying many applications of the precipitin test, whether it be the determination of biological relationships, the identification of blood stains and other animal traces, or the detection of adulteration in food, is the recognition of the homologous protein (antigen) and its separation from closely allied heterologous proteins. Recognising that the antiserum is the main source of the precipitate in a precipitin reaction and having regard to the exact quantitative relations of antiserum, antigen and precipitate we have been able to arrange methods for the differentiation of proteins of closely related species and, we believe, to render more accurate the diagnosis of the source of individual proteins. To take a crucial instance, by means of an antiserum prepared with hen egg-white we have been able clearly to distinguish solutions of hen egg-white from all other avian egg-whites tested, including those of the duck, quail, partridge, pheasant and ostrich. So far as we know, Nuttall and Graham Smith alone have previously been successful in differentiating homologous and heterologous avian egg-albumens, and their methods appear to be more cumbersome than ours. Incidentally we have found that our results are not only consistent inter se but consistent also with the interpretation of the precipitin reaction which our previous observations had led us to adopt.

scholarly journals On the weight of precipitate obtainable in precipitin interactions

1910 ◽  
Vol 82 (557) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Homologous Protein ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Anti Body ◽  
Fixed Quantity ◽  
Simple Nature

The nature of the interaction between the antiserum and homologous protein in a precipitin test has been the subject of several researches. It has been usual to mix a given fixed quantity of suitably diluted homologous protein estimated either directly or in terms of dilutions and to measure the volume of the precipitate formed. The experiments of Hamburger which have been analysed by Arrhenius were conducted in this way. Welsh and Chapman also examined mixtures of a fixed quantity of antiserum with increasing quantities of homologous protein by adding to the superfluid above the precipitate either antiserum or homologous protein. This mode of testing the superfluid always led to the formation of a further precipitate. In the second place it was possible to neutralise completely the precipitin in an antiserum, so that the further addition of homologous protein led to no more formation of precipitate. The precipitin reaction between antigen and anti-body is very suitable for quantitative study owing to the simple nature of the interaction and the ease with which the quantities may be measured. More accurate methods are, however, required for its study than those previously employed. The present paper records the results of a gravimetric study of the reaction. The weights of the two interacting bodies and the weight of the final precipitate have been ascertained. The precipitin (anti-body present in the serum of the immunised animal) cannot be directly determined by weighing, as it forms only a small part of the dried antiserum. The homologous protein (either serum or egg-white) has been reckoned as milligrammes of dried serum or dried egg-white. The precipitate formed in the interaction has been weighed.

scholarly journals PENGGANTIAN BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN PADA PENGENCER CEP-2 DENGAN SERUM DARAH SAPI DAN PUTIH TELUR TERHADAP KUALITAS SEMEN CAIR SAPI LIMOUSIN SELAMA PENDINGINAN (The Substitution of Bovine Serum Albumin with Cattle Blood Serum and Egg White in CEP-2 Diluent on the Quality of Limousin Bull Liquid Semen during Refrigerating)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Trinil Susilawati ◽  
Feri Eka Wahyudi ◽  
Inna Anggraeni ◽  
Nurul Isnaini ◽  
Muhammad Nur Ihsan
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Cattle Blood

This study aims to determine the effect of the substitution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with cattle blood serum and egg white in the diluent of Cauda epididymal Plasma 2 (CEP-2) on sperm quality of Limousin cattle during cooling at 3-5 C. The research material used was rejected Limousin bull sperm (motility of 50-60%) from Artificial Insemination Centre Singosari, Malang. This research was a laboratory experiment using a randomized block design which was composed of six treatments with 10 replications, those were T0 as controls ((90% CEP-2 with BSA + 10% egg yolk); T1 (83.84% CEP-2 + 6.16% cattle blood serum + 10% egg yolk); T2 (81.84% CEP-2 + 8.16% cattle blood serum + 10% egg yolk); dan T3 (90% CEP-2 + 0,4% egg white + 10% egg yolk); T4 (90% CEP-2 + 0.8% egg white + 10% egg yolk); and T5 (90% CEP-2 without BSA + 10% egg yolk). Parameters measured were the percentage of motility, viability, and abnormality of sperms. Results of research after 48 hours of storage showed that the percentage of sperm motility in T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 were 40.50±5.90, 36±36.16, 34.00±6.58, 40.50±3.69, 38.50±3.37, and 38.50±4.12, respectively, while the percentage of sperms viability were 75.16±4.30, 70.50±2.88, 73.80±2.80, 74.80±3.30, 75.13±3.13, and 74.03±4.13, respectively, and the percentage of sperms abnormality were 10.14±2.34, 10.62±1.34, 11.33±2.00, 10.94±2.82, 10.02±1.95, and 10.78±1.96, respectively. In conclusion, CEP-2 diluent with or without the addition of 19% egg yolk in BSA and the substitution of BSA with 0.4-0.8% egg white can maintain semen quality to hour of 48 in cold storage.This study aims to determine the effect of the substitution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with cattle blood serum and egg white in the diluent of Cauda epididymal Plasma 2 (CEP-2) on sperm quality of Limousin cattle during cooling at 3-5 C. The research material used was rejected Limousin bull sperm (motility of 50-60%) from Artificial Insemination Centre Singosari, Malang. This research was a laboratory experiment using a randomized block design which was composed of six treatments with 10 replications, those were T0 as controls ((90% CEP-2 with BSA + 10% egg yolk); T1 (83.84% CEP-2 + 6.16% cattle blood serum + 10% egg yolk); T2 (81.84% CEP-2 + 8.16% cattle blood serum + 10% egg yolk); dan T3 (90% CEP-2 + 0,4% egg white + 10% egg yolk); T4 (90% CEP-2 + 0.8% egg white + 10% egg yolk); and T5 (90% CEP-2 without BSA + 10% egg yolk). Parameters measured were the percentage of motility, viability, and abnormality of sperms. Results of research after 48 hours of storage showed that the percentage of sperm motility in T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 were 40.50±5.90, 36±36.16, 34.00±6.58, 40.50±3.69, 38.50±3.37, and 38.50±4.12, respectively, while the percentage of sperms viability were 75.16±4.30, 70.50±2.88, 73.80±2.80, 74.80±3.30, 75.13±3.13, and 74.03±4.13, respectively, and the percentage of sperms abnormality were 10.14±2.34, 10.62±1.34, 11.33±2.00, 10.94±2.82, 10.02±1.95, and 10.78±1.96, respectively. In conclusion, CEP-2 diluent with or without the addition of 19% egg yolk in BSA and the substitution of BSA with 0.4-0.8% egg white can maintain semen quality to hour of 48 in cold storage.

scholarly journals Food and inhalation sensitization in atopic dermatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
E.A. Vasilyeva ◽  
◽  
Yu.E. Rusak ◽  
E.N. Efanova ◽  
L.N. Lebedeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Food Allergens ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Detection Frequency

Aim: to study the association of food and inhalation sensitization with the severity of atopic dermatitis (AtD) in order to improve its treatment and prevention methods. Patients and Methods: the study included 50 patients with AtD from 2 to 44 years old. The study included clinical and laboratory research methods. The survey analyzed the history and anamnesis vitae, estimated the age at the AtD onset, determined the nature of concomitant pathology, the possible causes of cutaneous exacerbation, the allergic severity in the family history, the severity score on the SCORAD (Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis) scale and the efficacy of previous therapy. The immunological examination consisted of the quantitative determination of specific IgE and IgG antibodies in the blood serum to inhaled and food allergens by immunochemiluminescence assay on an IMMULITE 2000 XPi analyzer. Results: according to the detection frequency of IgE to food allergens in patients with AtD: the leading positions were taken by the chicken egg (egg white in 26% of cases, egg yolk in 20%); IgE to banana was detected in 17% of cases; in 12% — to cow’s milk, more common — to the β-lactoglobulin fraction. When studying the activity of inhaled allergens, respiratory sensitization to the cat epithelium was detected in 26% of cases, and to black birch — in 24%. Hypersensitivity to herbs (wormwood, herbal mixture) and house dust allergens (8%, respectively) was found much less common. In severe AtD, IgE to respiratory allergens prevailed: at n=38, the IgE concentration to cat epithelium and black birch was 12.4±1.4 IU/mL each. Besides, there was a significant sensitization to food allergens, namely, the IgE concentration to egg white — 5.4±0.9 IU/mL. Conclusion: the study revealed the sensitization of patients with AtD to food (mainly egg white, egg yolk, banana and cow’s milk) and respiratory (mainly cat epithelium, black birch) allergens. Determination of the IgE concentration in the blood serum of patients showed that there was a significant concentration increase to egg white, cat and black birch in severe AtD. Therefore, it is advisable to test for specific allergens in all patients with moderate to severe AtD. KEYWORDS: food sensitization, inhalation sensitization, atopic dermatitis, allergy, allergens, antibodies, immunochemiluminescence assay, IgE, triggers. FOR CITATION: Vasilyeva E.A., Rusak Yu.E., Efanova E.N., Lebedeva L.N. Food and inhalation sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):17–20. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-17-20.

scholarly journals Cellulose Digestion By The Silverfish Ctenolepisma Lineata

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-553
Author(s):  
REUBEN LASKER ◽  
ARTHUR C. GIESE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Aseptic Conditions ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Prolonged Feeding

1. The silverfish, Ctenolepisma lineata, on a diet of cellulose alone shows a respiratory quotient of close to unity, indicating utilization of carbohydrate, presumably derived from cellulose. 2. The silverfish may gain weight temporarily on a diet of cellulose alone although the diet is not satisfactory for prolonged feeding. 3. The silverfish digests part of the cellulose ingested, the utilization efficiency being comparable to that of the dairy cow. 4. Silverfish fed cellulose uniformly marked with 14C respire 14CO2, indicating that cellulose is metabolized and therefore must have been digested. 5. The gut of the silverfish contains many micro-organisms, but none of the bacteria grown in favourable culture media are capable of digesting cellulose. A few moulds do, but they are never seen growing in the gut and are presumably developed from spores grazed from wood by the silverfish. 6. Bacteria-free silverfish were obtained by washing eggs in a solution of mercuric chloride and ethanol and raising the nymphs on rolled oats and vitamins under aseptic conditions. 7. Bacteria-free silverfish fed cellulose uniformly marked with 14C respire 14CO2, indicating that even in the absence of micro-organisms, C. lineata metabolizes cellulose and therefore must have digested it. 8. A cellulase was demonstrated in extracts of the midgut. A cellobiase and an amylase were also shown to be present. The pH optima for the cellulase are 4.0 and 6.0, with a smaller peak occasionally showing at 7.7. For cellobiase the optima were 4.5 and 6.5. 9. The cellulase was isolated in the 60 and 70% ammonium sulphate saturated fractions of the soluble proteins from the midgut.

XI. On the multiplication of micro-organisms

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 526-544 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
Micro Organisms

In a previous communication “On the Removal of Micro-organisms from Water” (“Proc. Roy. Soc.,” vol. 38 (1885), p. 379), I had occasion to point out the extraordinary rapidity with which micro-organisms may become multiplied even in ordinary distilled water. It was there shown that if a few drops of diluted urine-water be added to ordinary distilled water and kept in a sterilised bottle plugged with sterilised cotton-wool, the number of micro-organisms remaining suspended in the water became multiplied in the following manner:—

scholarly journals THE INTERFERENCE OF INACTIVE SERUM AND EGG-WHITE IN THE PHENOMENON OF COMPLEMENT FIXATIONS

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
J. Bronfenbrenner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Absolute Alcohol ◽  
Complementary Activity ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
The One ◽  
Complementary Property

The fixing property of a specific precipitate and of syphilitic serum in the presence of certain antigenic lipoids, can be removed by adding certain non-complementary proteins of blood serum or hen's egg. This disappearance of the complementary activity in the syphilis reaction, as well as in the true Bordet-Gengou reaction, is a phenomenon which incidentally accompanies the fixation of certain serum constituents, some of which possess a complementary activity. The presence or absence of the complementary property in these protein components does not influence fixation. Whether the disappearance of the complementary activity during the phenomenon of so-called fixation is due to a mechanical precipitation of the molecules through absorption or whether it is due to a physico-chemical alteration of the active molecules, is unknown. It is more probable that a chemical interaction takes place in the case of the syphilis reaction. Certain sera, for example, those derived from man and goat, show a low fixability. It is interesting to note that the fixability is gradually diminished when these sera and egg-white are heated to a temperature above 56° C., and totally disappears at 85° C. The coagulation of proteins with absolute alcohol or by boiling, destroys their interfering property. The fact that the fixation is not selectively directed towards complement, has a very important meaning for exact serology. The one-sided accuracy as to the complementary unity is no longer sufficient for quantitative work. Both the complementary and the volumetric unity of a serum serving as the source of complement should be taken into consideration. Besides, the fixability of the sera of various species of animals must also be considered. From these facts a formula may be derived for deciding the degree of suitableness of a serum. see PDF for Equation X is the degree of suitableness; K, the species constant for the fixability; P, the complementary activity; and V, the volume of serum. It will be seen that the suitableness is proportional to the fixability constant and the complementary unity, and inversely proportional to the volume of serum employed. As to what species yields the largest value for X, we refer the reader to our studies published elsewhere.

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