scholarly journals Infant categorization as a dynamic process linked to memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 200328
Author(s):  
Nadja Althaus ◽  
Valentina Gliozzi ◽  
Julien Mayor ◽  
Kim Plunkett
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Training Item ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Infant Behaviour

Recency effects are well documented in the adult and infant literature: recognition and recall memory are better for recently occurring events. We explore recency effects in infant categorization, which does not merely involve memory for individual items, but the formation of abstract category representations. We present a computational model of infant categorization that simulates category learning in 10-month-olds. The model predicts that recency effects outweigh previously reported order effects for the same stimuli. According to the model, infant behaviour at test should depend mainly on the identity of the most recent training item. We evaluate these predictions in a series of experiments with 10-month-old infants. Our results show that infant behaviour confirms the model’s prediction. In particular, at test infants exhibited a preference for a category outlier over the category average only if the final training item had been close to the average, rather than distant from it. Our results are consistent with a view of categorization as a highly dynamic process where the end result of category learning is not the overall average of all stimuli encountered, but rather a fluid representation that moves depending on moment-to-moment novelty. We argue that this is a desirable property of a flexible cognitive system that adapts rapidly to different contexts.

scholarly journals Pair approximation model for the vaccination game: predicting the dynamic process of epidemic spread and individual actions against contagion

2021 ◽  
Vol 477 (2246) ◽  
pp. 20200769
Author(s):  
Kazuki Kuga ◽  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Jun Tanimoto
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Field Approximation ◽  
Mean Field Approximation ◽  
Pair Approximation ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
Individual Decisions

We successfully establish a theoretical framework of pairwise approximation for the vaccination game in which both the dynamic process of epidemic spread and individual actions in helping prevent social behaviours are quantitatively evaluated. In contrast with mean-field approximation, our model captures higher-order effects from neighbours by using an underlying network that shows how the disease spreads and how individual decisions evolve over time. This model considers not only imperfect vaccination but also intermediate protective measures other than vaccines. Our analytical predictions are validated by multi-agent simulation results that estimate random regular graphs at varying degrees.

Recency effects in the buffering of negative news by corporate social responsibility advertising

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joon Hye Han ◽  
Gary Davies ◽  
Anthony Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Attribution Of Blame ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
A Company

PurposeDrawing from the theory of how relevant items are processed in memory when making judgements, this study aims to test for recency effects between CSR advertising and related, negative news on how a company is perceived and the explanatory roles of environmentalism, attribution and both feelings and attitudes towards the advertising itself.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses between-subjects experimental design with pretests.FindingsOrder effects exist, which, when ads and news are similarly influential, evidence a recency effect. The process is explained by both the mediating influence of attribution of blame and the moderation of this influence by attitude towards the environment. Differences between the effectiveness of ads are explained by the mediating influence of attitudes towards and feelings about the ad together with the moderation of this influence by involvement in the ad context.Practical implicationsCorporate social responsibility (CSR) ads should be pretested in the context of related but negative news, and not just on their own, to ensure they can buffer such news. CSR ads can be more effective when following rather than preceding such news and should not be withdrawn if such a crisis occurs.Originality/valueThe research first attempts to explain recency effects theoretically from the influence of CSR ads on negative CSR-related news. It also shows the determining factors in how such effects influence consumers by considering attribution, environmentalism, attitude to the context and attitude and feelings towards CSR ads.

Primacy or Recency? A Study of Order Effects When Nonprofessional Investors are Provided a Long Series of Disclosures

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pinsker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Nonprofessional Investors ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Consistent Direction

ABSTRACT: Firms have the incentive to aggregate multiple pieces of good and bad news together in a consistent direction (i.e., all positive news or all negative news) and disclose it either sequentially or all together (simultaneously) in order to reduce the risk of stock price volatility or large stock price declines. Unfortunately for investors, disclosure patterns such as these may result in order effects, which reduce decision quality. My paper examines the results of three experiments in order to determine: (1) which order effect, if any, results when long series of consistent direction voluntary disclosures are made, and (2) if the sequential or simultaneous nature of the disclosures exacerbates any order effect found. The first two experiments use undergraduates as participants, while the third experiment uses actual nonprofessional investors to try and tease out explanations for the experimental findings. I find recency effects for all conditions in all experiments, and significantly greater recency effects for the sequential conditions relative to the simultaneous conditions in the 40-cue experiments. Additionally, results of the supplemental experiment provide evidence that nonprofessional investors can be information seeking and active in their investment decision-making, which can prohibit attention decrement. Findings contribute to the voluntary disclosure, judgment and decision-making (JDM), and belief revision literatures, as well as highlight the context-specific nature of the belief-adjustment model’s predictions.

scholarly journals Analysis of Trabecular Bone Mechanics Using Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117693431882508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Sohail ◽  
Muhammad Younas ◽  
Yousaf Bhatti ◽  
Zhiwu Li ◽  
Sümeyye Tunç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Bone Mechanics ◽  
Bone Microenvironment ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm ◽  
Surface Remodeling ◽  
Trabecular Surface

“Bone remodeling” is a dynamic process, and mutliphase analysis incorporated with the forecasting algorithm can help the biologists and orthopedics to interpret the laboratory generated results and to apply them in improving applications in the fields of “drug design, treatment, and therapy” of diseased bones. The metastasized bone microenvironment has always remained a challenging puzzle for the researchers. A multiphase computational model is interfaced with the artificial intelligence algorithm in a hybrid manner during this research. Trabecular surface remodeling is presented in this article, with the aid of video graphic footage, and the associated parametric thresholds are derived from artificial intelligence and clinical data.

scholarly journals Different Order, Different Results? The Effects of Dimension Order in Factorial Survey Experiments

Field Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Düval ◽  
Thomas Hinz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Slight Tendency ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Order

Factorial surveys are widely used in the social sciences to measure respondents’ attitudes, beliefs, or behavioral intentions. In such surveys, respondents evaluate short descriptions of hypothetical situations, persons, or objects that vary across several dimensions. An important prerequisite of the method’s validity is that respondents are able to deal with the highly complex task created by the need to consider several variable dimensions within one coherent judgment. We analyze the effects of the order in which dimensions are presented in running text vignettes. An experimental setup with four order treatments was randomly allocated to 787 respondents (based on a random sample of register data), yielding 3,119 vignette evaluations. The analyses compare respondent groups across age, education, and response speed. Overall, there is no strong evidence for order effects. However, we find a slight tendency for fast responders to be more prone to recency effects.

Primacy or Recency of Communications as a Function of Forcefulness of Presentation

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warner Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Psychology Students ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Materials Used

In the present study of order of communications, 292 introductory psychology students listened to a tape containing contradictory descriptions of 8 hypothetical persons and then indicated their impressions. The materials used came from 3 earlier studies all of which had reported strong primacy effects. The present study showed 4 primacy effects, 2 significant, and 4 recency effects, 2 significant. Primacy versus recency effects proved to be highly predictable from ratings of loudness, forcefulness, and clarity, even though such differences were not large. The study illustrates the vulnerability of order effects to minor variables.

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