scholarly journals The craniomandibular anatomy of the early archosauriform Euparkeria capensis and the dawn of the archosaur skull

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 200116
Author(s):  
Roland B. Sookias ◽  
David Dilkes ◽  
Gabriela Sobral ◽  
Roger M. H. Smith ◽  
Frederik P. Wolvaardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
Modular Composition

Archosauria (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives) form a major part of terrestrial ecosystems today, with over 10 000 living species, and came to dominate the land for most of the Mesozoic (over 150 Myr) after radiating following the Permian–Triassic extinction. The archosaur skull has been essential to this diversification, itself diversified into myriad forms. The archosauriform Euparkeria capensis from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of South Africa has been of great interest since its initial description in 1913, because its anatomy shed light on the origins and early evolution of crown Archosauria and potentially approached that of the archosaur common ancestor. Euparkeria has been widely used as an outgroup in phylogenetic analyses and when investigating patterns of trait evolution among archosaurs. Although described monographically in 1965, subsequent years have seen great advances in the understanding of early archosaurs and in imaging techniques. Here, the cranium and mandible of Euparkeria are fully redescribed and documented using all fossil material and computed tomographic data. Details previously unclear are fully described, including vomerine dentition, the epiptergoid, number of premaxillary teeth and palatal arrangement. A new diagnosis and cranial and braincase reconstruction is provided, and an anatomical network analysis is performed on the skull of Euparkeria and compared with other amniotes. The modular composition of the cranium suggests a flexible skull well adapted to feeding on agile food, but with a clear tendency towards more carnivorous behaviour, placing the taxon at the interface between ancestral diapsid and crown archosaur ecomorphology, corresponding to increases in brain size, visual sensitivity, upright locomotion and metabolism around this point in archosauriform evolution. The skull of Euparkeria epitomizes a major evolutionary transition, and places crown archosaur morphology in an evolutionary context.

Diagnostic workup and endovascular treatment of popliteal artery trauma

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheong J. Lee ◽  
Rory Loo ◽  
Max V. Wohlauer ◽  
Parag J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Vascular Trauma ◽  
Endovascular Techniques ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Arterial Injuries ◽  
Arterial Trauma ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Abstract. Although management paradigms for certain arterial trauma, such as aortic injuries, have moved towards an endovascular approach, the application of endovascular techniques for the treatment of peripheral arterial injuries continues to be debated. In the realm of peripheral vascular trauma, popliteal arterial injuries remain a devastating condition with significant rates of limb loss. Expedient management is essential and surgical revascularization has been the gold standard. Initial clinical assessment of vascular injury is aided by readily available imaging techniques such as duplex ultrasonography and high resolution computed tomographic angiography. Conventional catheter based angiography, however, remain the gold standard in the determination of vascular injury. There are limited data examining the outcomes of endovascular techniques to address popliteal arterial injuries. In this review, we examine the imaging modalities and current approaches and data regarding endovascular techniques for the management popliteal arterial trauma.

scholarly journals Mitral Annular Caseous Calcification: A Rare Variant of a Common Echocardiographic Finding Discovered with Advanced Imaging Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Pomeroy ◽  
Brian Markelz ◽  
Kevin Steel ◽  
Ahmad M. Slim
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Echocardiographic Finding ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Annular Calcification ◽  
Vessel Coronary Artery

We present the case of a 90-year-old diabetic male and medically managed three-vessel coronary artery disease with evidence of an oval, nonmobile echo-density located on the posterior mitral valve annulus measuring two centimeters in diameter without significant impingement of the mitral valve on initial screening echocardiogram which was initially thought to be prominent mitral annular calcification which was later confirmed to be a rare case of caseoma as confirmed by both cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as well as coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA).

Preoperative Sizing of Grafts for Transfemoral Endovascular Aneurysm Management: A Prospective Comparative Study of Spiral CT Angiography, Arteriography, and Conventional CT Imaging

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo A.M.J. Broeders ◽  
Jan D. Blankensteijn ◽  
Marco Olree ◽  
Willem Mali ◽  
Bert C. Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Spiral Ct ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Radiological Investigation ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Conventional Ct ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Graft Selection

Purpose: To define the impact of spiral computed tomographic angiography (CTA) with image reconstruction on graft selection for Transfemoral Endovascular Aneurysm Management (TEAM) by comparing it to conventional computed tomography (CT) and contrast arteriography. Methods: Twenty-one candidates for TEAM were included. The diameters of the superior and inferior aneurysm necks and lengths between the graft attachment sites were measured using the three imaging techniques. These measurements and their consequences on graft selection were studied. Results: The difference in length sizing between spiral CTA and arteriography never exceeded 1 cm; however, lengths measured by conventional CT scanning resulted in underestimation of graft length in 91% of patients. Graft diameters were chosen too small in 62% of the patients when based on arteriographic diameter measurements. A graft of similar diameter was selected by spiral CTA and conventional CT scanning in 81% of the patients, while minor oversizing by conventional CT scanning was found in 14%. Conclusions: Neither conventional CT scanning nor arteriography is adequate as a sole preoperative radiological investigation for TEAM graft sizing. Spiral CTA with image processing produces all information required for selection of tho-optimal graft size and should be regarded the method of first choice for this purpose.

scholarly journals Novel nitrite reductase domain structure suggests a chimeric denitrification repertoire in Phylum Chloroflexi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Schwartz ◽  
Lily Momper ◽  
L. Thiberio Rangel ◽  
Cara Magnabosco ◽  
Jan Amend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrite Reductase ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Domain Architecture ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Nitric Oxide Reductase ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Ecological Carrying Capacity ◽  
Global Nitrogen Cycle

Denitrification plays a central role in the global nitrogen cycle, reducing and removing nitrogen from marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The flux of nitrogen species through this pathway has a widespread impact, affecting ecological carrying capacity, agriculture, and climate. Nitrite reductase (Nir) and nitric oxide reductase (NOR) are the two central enzymes in this pathway. Here we present a previously unreported Nir domain architecture in members of Phylum Chloroflexi. Phylogenetic analyses of protein domains within Nir indicate that an ancestral horizontal transfer and fusion event produced this chimeric domain architecture. We also identify an expanded genomic diversity of a rarely reported nitric oxide reductase subtype, eNOR. Together, these results suggest a greater diversity of denitrification enzyme arrangements exist than have been previously reported.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Video-Otoscopic, Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Examinations of Cats and Dogs with Ear Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Kurtulus Parlak ◽  
Mustafa Yalcin ◽  
Hanifi Erol ◽  
Eyüp Tolga Akyol ◽  
Elgin Orcum Uzunlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Ear Diseases ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Highly Efficient

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of imaging techniques (video-otoscopy-VO, radiography-RTG, computed tomography-CT) in diagnosing ear diseases in cats and dogs. Seven cats and thirteen dogs diagnosed with ear diseases were used for the research. Clinical examination, VO, RTG and CT were performed. Three (42.9%) unilateral otitis externa (OE), three (42.9%) unilateral otitis media (OM), and one (14.2%) bilateral otitis media (OM) with OE were diagnosed in 7 cats. Five (38.4%) unilateral OE, one (7.7%) unilateral OM, four (30.8%) bilateral OE, and three (23.1%) bilateral OM with OE were diagnosed in 13 dogs. All diagnostic methods were determined to be highly efficient for the specified diagnosis. VO and RTG were confirmed as sufficiently effective for the diagnosis of OE. OE plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of OM, and for this reason, RTG and CT are required diagnostic methods for this condition.

scholarly journals Multimodality Imaging in the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: A Brief Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell D. Eder ◽  
Krishna Upadhyaya ◽  
Jakob Park ◽  
Matthew Ringer ◽  
Maricar Malinis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Prosthetic Valve ◽  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Duke Criteria ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Leukocyte Scintigraphy

Infective endocarditis is a common and treatable condition that carries a high mortality rate. Currently the workup of infective endocarditis relies on the integration of clinical, microbiological and echocardiographic data through the use of the modified Duke criteria (MDC). However, in cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) echocardiography can be normal or non-diagnostic in a high proportion of cases leading to decreased sensitivity for the MDC. Evolving multimodality imaging techniques including leukocyte scintigraphy (white blood cell imaging), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCTA), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) may each augment the standard workup of PVE and increase diagnostic accuracy. While further studies are necessary to clarify the ideal role for each of these imaging techniques, nevertheless, these modalities hold promise in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and care of PVE. We start by presenting a clinical vignette, then evidence supporting various modality strategies, balanced by limitations, and review of formal guidelines, when available. The article ends with the authors' summary of future directions and case conclusion.

Detection of Angiographically Occult Ruptured Basilar Sidewall Perforator Aneurysm by Vessel Wall MR Imaging

2020 ◽  
pp. 194187442096364
Author(s):  
Mougnyan Cox ◽  
Jae W. Song ◽  
Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh ◽  
David Kung ◽  
Laurie Loevner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Ruptured Aneurysms ◽  
Intracranial Vessel ◽  
The Right

Basilar artery perforator aneurysms are rare with a prevalence of less than 1%. These are particularly challenging to detect given their small size and tendency to intermittently thrombose. We describe a case of a ruptured basilar artery sidewall perforator aneurysm that was angiographically occult on computed tomographic angiogram and cerebral catheter angiogram. One day after the initial diagnostic work-up, intracranial vessel wall MR imaging (VWI) was performed which revealed a small outpouching along the right posterolateral basilar arterial wall with a punctate enhancing focus suggestive of a thrombosed basilar perforator artery aneurysm. Thrombus within the small aneurysm sac likely contributed to the poor opacification of the aneurysm sac on conventional lumen-based imaging techniques. Ruptured aneurysms have high morbidity and mortality due to their tendency to rebleed, making their expedient detection and treatment imperative. This case highlights the role VWI can play in detecting small ruptured aneurysms that intermittently thrombose and are otherwise challenging to diagnose with conventional vessel imaging.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Arribas ◽  
Carmelo Andújar ◽  
María Lourdes Moraza ◽  
Benjamin Linard ◽  
Brent C Emerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Critical Nodes ◽  
Minimum Age

Abstract High-throughput DNA methods hold great promise for phylogenetic analysis of lineages that are difficult to study with conventional molecular and morphological approaches. The mites (Acari), and in particular the highly diverse soil-dwelling lineages, are among the least known branches of the metazoan Tree-of-Life. We extracted numerous minute mites from soils in an area of mixed forest and grassland in southern Iberia. Selected specimens representing the full morphological diversity were shotgun sequenced in bulk, followed by genome assembly of short reads from the mixture, which produced >100 mitochondrial genomes representing diverse acarine lineages. Phylogenetic analyses in combination with taxonomically limited mitogenomes available publicly resulted in plausible trees defining basal relationships of the Acari. Several critical nodes were supported by ancestral-state reconstructions of mitochondrial gene rearrangements. Molecular calibration placed the minimum age for the common ancestor of the superorder Acariformes, which includes most soil-dwelling mites, to the Cambrian–Ordovician (likely within 455–552 Ma), whereas the origin of the superorder Parasitiformes was placed later in the Carboniferous-Permian. Most family-level taxa within the Acariformes were dated to the Jurassic and Triassic. The ancient origin of Acariformes and the early diversification of major extant lineages linked to the soil are consistent with a pioneering role for mites in building the earliest terrestrial ecosystems.

Aneurysm Sac Pressure Measurement with a Pressure Sensor in Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Vascular ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisandro Carnero ◽  
Ross Milner
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Pressure Sensing ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Radiologic Imaging ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Aneurysm Repair

Aortic endograft surveillance is a necessity for the lifetime of a patient owing to the risk of endoleaks and device complications. The current standard of care for surveillance is radiologic imaging. The most commonly used modality is computed tomographic angiography. Magnetic resonance angiography and ultrasonography have also been used as surveillance tools. These imaging techniques have risks and limitations, and alternative surveillance tools are being investigated. Remote pressure sensing is a promising technology that can provide adjunctive support to the current imaging modalities. The technology is applicable to both abdominal and thoracic endograft implantation and surveillance. It has recently gained clearance from the US Food and Drug Administration for acute aneurysm exclusion during an abdominal endograft insertion. As more data are accumulated, it may be possible for remote pressure sensing to replace current imaging techniques as the sole modality for endograft surveillance.

Neocortical Anatomy in the South American Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, Reveals Different Strategies in Encephalic Development among Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha Rodents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Alejandro Raúl Schmidt ◽  
María Constanza Gariboldi ◽  
Santiago Andrés Cortasa ◽  
Sofía Proietto ◽  
María Clara Corso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
South American ◽  
Correlation Pattern ◽  
Lagostomus Maximus ◽  
The Brain

Depending on the presence or absence of sulci and convolutions, the brains of mammals are classified as gyrencephalic or lissencephalic. We analyzed the encephalic anatomy of the hystricomorph rodent <i>Lagostomus maximus</i> in comparison with other evolutionarily related species. The encephalization quotient (EQ), gyrencephaly index (GI), and minimum cortical thickness (MCT) were calculated for the plains vizcacha as well as for other myomorph and hystricomorph rodents. The vizcacha showed a gyrencephalic brain with a sagittal longitudinal fissure that divides both hemispheres, and 3 pairs of sulci with bilateral symmetry; that is, lateral-rostral, intraparietal, and transverse sulci. The EQ had one of the lowest values among Hystricomorpha, while GI was one of the highest. Besides, the MCT was close to the mean value for the suborder. The comparison of EQ, GI, and MCT values between hystricomorph and myomorph species allowed the detection of significant variations. Both EQ and GI showed a significant increase in Hystricomorpha compared to Myomorpha, whereas a Pearson’s analysis between EQ and GI depicted an inverse correlation pattern for Hystricomorpha. Furthermore, the ratio between MCT and GI also showed a negative correlation for Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha do not differ in their allometric patterning between the brain and body mass, GI and brain mass, and MCT and GI. In conclusion, gyrencephalic neuroanatomy in the vizcacha could have developed from the balance between the brain size, the presence of invaginations, and the cortical thickness, which resulted in a mixed encephalization strategy for the species. Gyrencephaly in the vizcacha, as well as in other Hystricomorpha, advocates in favor of the proposal that in the more recently evolved Myomorpha lissencephaly would have arisen from a phenotype reversal process.

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