scholarly journals Larval foraging decisions in competitive heterogeneous environments accommodate diets that support egg-to-adult development in a polyphagous fly

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 190090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Morimoto ◽  
Shabnam Tarahi Tabrizi ◽  
Ida Lundbäck ◽  
Bishwo Mainali ◽  
Phillip W. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Key Factor

In holometabolous insects, larval nutrition is a key factor underpinning development and fitness. Heterogeneity in the nutritional environment and larval competition can force larvae to forage in suboptimal diets, with potential downstream fitness effects. Little is known about how larvae respond to competitive heterogeneous environments, and whether variation in these responses affects current and next generations. Here, we designed nutritionally heterogeneous foraging arenas by modifying nutrient concentration, where groups of the polyphagous fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni could forage freely at various levels of larval competition. Larval foraging preferences were highly consistent and independent of larval competition, with greatest foraging propensity for high (100%) followed by intermediate (80% and 60%) nutrient concentration diets, and avoidance of lower concentration diets (less than 60%). We then used these larval preferences (i.e. 100%, 80% and 60% diets) in fitness assays in which larvae competition was maintained constant, and showed that nutrient concentrations selected by the larvae in the foraging trials had no effect on fitness-related traits such as egg hatching and pupation success, adult flight ability, sex ratio, percentage of emergence, nor on adult cold tolerance, fecundity and next-generation pupal weight. These results support the idea that polyphagous species can exploit diverse hosts and nutritional conditions with minimal fitness costs to thrive in new environments.

scholarly journals The effect of amino acid analogues on larval growth and survival of the olive fruit fly Bαctrocerα oleαe (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Α. G. Manoukas
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
Amino Acid Analogues

The effects of eight amino acid analogues [L-canavanine, D-cycloserine, allylglycine, L-glutamic acid-A-hydrazide, DL-ethionine, L-,-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), DL-,-3,4 dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DL-DOPA) and thiaproline] added to an artificial diet on egg hatching, larval survival, larval weight, pupal weight and adult emergence of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were investigated. Larval survival and weight were significantly decreased by all amino acid analogues tested. Pupal weight and adult emergence was depressed by L-canavanine, D-cycloserine, L-DOPA, DL-DOPA and allyl-glycine. Of all amino acid analogues tested only L-canavanine inhibited hatching of the eggs. The depression of the parameters affected was increased by increasing the concentration of each analogue tested. The larvae of most experimental diets took longer to pupate than those of the control.

scholarly journals Potential of a fly gut microbiota incorporated gel-based larval diet for rearing Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Khan ◽  
Kajla Seheli ◽  
Md. Abdul Bari ◽  
Nahida Sultana ◽  
Shakil Ahmed Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Egg Hatching

Abstract Background The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important polyphagous pest of horticultural produce. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a proven control method against many insect pests, including fruit flies, under area-wide pest management programs. High quality mass-rearing process and the cost-effective production of sterile target species are important for SIT. Irradiation is reported to cause severe damage to the symbiotic community structure in the mid gut of fruit fly species, impairing SIT success. However, studies have found that target-specific manipulation of insect gut bacteria can positively impact the overall fitness of SIT-specific insects. Results Twelve bacterial genera were isolated and identified from B. dorsalis eggs, third instars larval gut and adults gut. The bacterial genera were Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Stenotrophomonas, belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Larval diet enrichment with the selected bacterial isolate, Proteus sp. was found to improve adult emergence, percentage of male, and survival under stress. However, no significant changes were recorded in B. dorsalis egg hatching, pupal yield, pupal weight, duration of the larval stage, or flight ability. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that gut bacterial isolates can be used in conjunction with SIT. The newly developed gel-based larval diet incorporated with Proteus sp. isolates can be used for large-scale mass rearing of B. dorsalis in the SIT program.

scholarly journals No neighbour-induced increase in root growth of soybean and sunflower in mesh divider experiments after controlling for nutrient concentration and soil volume

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin J W Chen ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Heinjo J During ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Jiahe Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Ideal Free Distribution ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Ideal Free

Abstract Root competition is a key factor determining plant performance, community structure and ecosystem productivity. To adequately estimate the extent of root proliferation of plants in response to neighbours independently of nutrient availability, one should use a setup that can simultaneously control for both nutrient concentration and soil volume at plant individual level. With a mesh-divider design, which was suggested as a promising solution for this problem, we conducted two intraspecific root competition experiments one with soybean (Glycine max) and the other with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We found no response of root growth or biomass allocation to intraspecific neighbours, i.e. an ‘ideal free distribution’ (IDF) norm, in soybean; and even a reduced growth as a negative response in sunflower. These responses are all inconsistent with the hypothesis that plants should produce more roots even at the expense of reduced fitness in response to neighbours, i.e. root over-proliferation. Our results suggest that neighbour-induced root over-proliferation is not a ubiquitous feature in plants. By integrating the findings with results from other soybean studies, we conclude that for some species this response could be a genotype-dependent response as a result of natural or artificial selection, or a context-dependent response so that plants can switch from root over-proliferation to IDF depending on the environment of competition. We also critically discuss whether the mesh-driver design is the ideal solution for root competition experiments.

scholarly journals Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Norazila Yusoff ◽  
Idris Abd Ghani ◽  
Nurul Wahida Othman ◽  
Wan Mohd Aizat ◽  
Maizom Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Female Ratio

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the properties of selected farnesyl derivative compounds against P. xylostella. The toxicity and sublethal concentration (LC50) of farnesyl acetate, farnesyl acetone, farnesyl bromide, farnesyl chloride, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone were investigated for 96 h. The leaf-dip bioassays showed that farnesyl acetate had a high level of toxicity against P. xylostella compared to other tested farnesyl derivatives. The LC50 value was 56.41 mg/L on the second-instar larvae of P. xylostella. Then, the sublethal effects of farnesyl acetate on biological parameters of P. xylostella were assessed. Compared to the control group, the sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate decreased pupation and emergence rates, pupal weight, fecundity, egg hatching rate, female ratio, and oviposition period. Furthermore, the developmental time of P. xylostella was extended after being exposed to farnesyl acetate. Moreover, the application of farnesyl acetate on P. xylostella induced morphogenetic abnormalities in larval–pupal intermediates, adults that emerged with twisted wings, or complete adults that could not emerge from the cocoon. These results suggested that farnesyl acetate was highly effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate could reduce the population of P. xylostella by increasing abnormal pupal and adults, and by delaying its development period.

scholarly journals Synchronization-induced persistence versus selection for habitats in spatially coupled ecosystems

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (87) ◽  
pp. 20130559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lampert ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Stochastic Systems ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Spatially Extended ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Selection For

Critical population phase transitions, in which a persistent population becomes extinction-prone owing to environmental changes, are fundamentally important in ecology, and their determination is a key factor in successful ecosystem management. To persist, a species requires a suitable environment in a sufficiently large spatial region. However, even if this condition is met, the species does not necessarily persist, owing to stochastic fluctuations. Here, we develop a model that allows simultaneous investigation of extinction due to either stochastic or deterministic reasons. We find that even classic birth–death processes in spatially extended ecosystems exhibit phase transitions between extinction-prone and persistent populations. Sometimes these are first-order transitions, which means that environmental changes may result in irreversible population collapse. Moreover, we find that higher migration rates not only lead to higher robustness to stochastic fluctuations, but also result in lower sustainability in heterogeneous environments by preventing efficient selection for suitable habitats. This demonstrates that intermediate migration rates are optimal for survival. At low migration rates, the dynamics are reduced to metapopulation dynamics, whereas at high migration rates, the dynamics are reduced to a multi-type branching process. We focus on species persistence, but our results suggest a unique method for finding phase transitions in spatially extended stochastic systems in general.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Larval Competition in the Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1400-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Joy Burrack ◽  
Angela M. Fornell ◽  
Joseph H. Connell ◽  
Neil V. O'Connell ◽  
Phil A. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Olive Fruit

Effect of Water Body Morphology on Phytoplankton Biomass and Species Composition

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
Yue Hong Zhang ◽  
Fei Peng Li ◽  
Hu Hu Zhao ◽  
Hai Ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Body Morphology ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Lake Type ◽  
River Type

Environmental variables, phytoplankton biomass and species composition in Nanhu Lake in Yingdong Village, Chongming Island were monitored from August 2010 to September 2011. The relationship between environmental variables and population variation of phytoplankton was discussed. The results showed that water body morphology was the key factor leading to the variation of phytoplankton community. In river-type waters the level of phytoplankton biomass was generally higher than that in lake-type waters, especially in summer. During the period of seasonal change, in river-type waters Cyanophyta dominated longer with the succession from Cyanophyta to Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta occurred later than that in lake-type waters. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the morphology of enclosed waters had influence on phytoplankton biomass and species composition. One of the mechanisms may be that water body morphology could have impact on the growth and species dynamics of phytoplankton indirectly by affecting nutrient concentrations.

scholarly journals Optimal Nutrient Concentration Ranges of ‘Hass’ Avocado Cauliflower Stage Inflorescences—Potential Diagnostic Tool to Optimize Tree Nutrient Status and Increase Yield

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1707-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Campisi-Pinto ◽  
Yusheng Zheng ◽  
Philippe E. Rolshausen ◽  
David E. Crowley ◽  
Ben Faber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Tree Phenology ◽  
Hass Avocado

Optimizing ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) tree nutrient status is essential for maximizing productivity. Leaf nutrient analysis is used to guide avocado fertilization to maintain tree nutrition. The goal of this research was to identify a ‘Hass’ avocado tissue with nutrient concentrations predictive of yields greater than 40 kg of fruit per tree. This threshold was specified to assist the California avocado industry to increase yields to ≈11,200 kg·ha−1. Nutrient concentrations of cauliflower stage inflorescences (CSI) collected in March proved better predictors of yield than inflorescences collected at full bloom (FBI) in April, fruit pedicels (FP) collected at five different stages of avocado tree phenology from the end of fruit set in June through April the following spring when mature fruit enter a second period of exponential growth, or 6-month-old spring flush leaves (LF) from nonbearing vegetative shoots collected in September (California avocado industry standard). For CSI tissue, concentrations of seven nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were predictive of trees producing greater than 40 kg of fruit annually. Conditional quantile sampling and frequency analysis were used to identify optimum nutrient concentration ranges (ONCR) for each nutrient. Optimum ratios between nutrient concentrations and yields greater than 40 kg per tree were also derived. The high nutrient concentrations characterizing CSI tissue suggest current fertilization practices (timing or amounts) might be causing nutrient imbalances at this stage of avocado tree phenology that are limiting productivity, a possibility that warrants further investigation. Because CSI samples can be collected 4–6 weeks before full bloom, nutritional problems can be addressed before they affect flower retention and fruit set to increase current crop yield, fruit size, and quality. Thus, CSI nutrient analysis warrants further research as a potential supplemental or alternative tool for diagnosing ‘Hass’ avocado tree nutrient status and increasing yield.

scholarly journals Yield and Mineral Content of Hydroponically Grown Mini-Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as Affected by Reduced Nutrient Concentration and Foliar Fertilizer Application

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1728-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Maboko ◽  
Christian Phillipus Du Plooy ◽  
Silence Chiloane
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Nutrient application is one of the major inputs required for hydroponic production of cucumbers. Reduced nutrient solution concentration with supplementary foliar fertilizer application may maintain yield and quality of mini-cucumber, while decreasing the production costs. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of foliar fertilizer in combination with reduced nutrient concentrations on the yield and quality of hydroponically grown mini-cucumber in a plastic tunnel. Mini-cucumber plants were grown in sawdust, fertigated with nutrient solutions containing 100% (control), 75%, 50%, or 25% of the recommended nutrient concentration (NC) and two foliar fertilizer applications (no foliar and foliar application). The highest fresh and dry weight of mini-cucumber plants were obtained with 75% and 100% NC and decreased with 50% to 25% NC application. The number of marketable fruit and marketable yield on mini-cucumbers increased with 75% to 100% NC, followed by 50% NC, as compared with 25% NC. Deformed fruit were significantly lower at 25% NC than at 50%, 75%, and 100% NC. Foliar fertilizer application did not have an effect on mini-cucumber yield, but reduced the yellowing of fruit. Fruit mineral content (P, Fe, and Mn) was significantly improved by 100% NC. Improvement in yield at 75% and 100% NC was as a result of improved plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, plant fresh and dry weight, and the increase in nutrient uptake of N, P, K, and Mn, which was evident in the analysis of cucumber leaves. The reduced NC of 75% can maintain yield and quality of mini-cucumbers, whereas the application of foliar fertilizer had a limited effect.

The effect of season, stage of plant growth and leaf position on nutrient concentration in banana leaves on a krasnozem in New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner ◽  
B Barkus
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Banana Leaves ◽  
Cu And Zn

At Alstonville, New South Wales, leaf position had a greater effect than season on the nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the laminae of Williams bananas growing on a krasnozem soil and sampled over a 4-year period. However, season was more important for Mg. The effect of stage of plant growth was significant but much smaller than the other influences. When sampling for leaf analysis, leaf position and plant age can be standardised, but a major problem in this investigation was unpredictable, significant changes in nutrient composition from one sampling date to another. If these results are true for other soils. the data do not allow critical levels to be applied.

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