Stimulus Ratio Effects on Speech Discrimination by Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Adults And Children

This investigation examined the response strategies and discrimination accuracy of adults and children aged 5–10 as the ratio of same to different trials was varied across three conditions of a “change/no-change” discrimination task. The conditions varied as follows: (a) a ratio of one-third same to two-thirds different trials (33% same), (b) an equal ratio of same to different trials (50% same), and (c) a ratio of two-thirds same to one-third different trials (67% same). Stimuli were synthetic consonant-vowel syllables that changed along a place of articulation dimension by formant frequency transition. Results showed that all subjects changed their response strategies depending on the ratio of same-to-different trials. The most lax response pattern was observed for the 50% same condition, and the most conservative pattern was observed for the 67% same condition. Adult response patterns were most conservative across condition. Differences in discrimination accuracy as measured by P(C) were found, with the largest difference in the 5- to 6-year-old group and the smallest change in the adult group. These findings suggest that children’s response strategies, like those of adults, can be manipulated by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials. Furthermore, interpretation of sensitivity measures must be referenced to task variables such as the ratio of same-to-different trials.

Effects of Aging on the Subcortical Encoding of Stop Consonants

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Dania Rishiq ◽  
Ashley Harkrider ◽  
Cary Springer ◽  
Mark Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Auditory Brainstem Responses ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aging effects on the predominantly subcortical (brainstem) encoding of the second-formant frequency transition, an essential acoustic cue for perceiving place of articulation. Method Synthetic consonant–vowel syllables varying in second-formant onset frequency (i.e., /ba/, /da/, and /ga/ stimuli) were used to elicit speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABRs) in 16 young adults ( M age = 21 years) and 11 older adults ( M age = 59 years). Repeated-measures mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on the latencies and amplitudes of the speech-ABR peaks. Fixed factors were phoneme (repeated measures on three levels: /b/ vs. /d/ vs. /g/) and age (two levels: young vs. older). Results Speech-ABR differences were observed between the two groups (young vs. older adults). Specifically, older listeners showed generalized amplitude reductions for onset and major peaks. Significant Phoneme × Group interactions were not observed. Conclusions Results showed aging effects in speech-ABR amplitudes that may reflect diminished subcortical encoding of consonants in older listeners. These aging effects were not phoneme dependent as observed using the statistical methods of this study.

scholarly journals GRAding of functional and anatomical response to DExamethasone implant in patients with Diabetic Macular Edema: GRADE-DME Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio J. Rodríguez-Valdés ◽  
Matus Rehak ◽  
Dinah Zur ◽  
Anna Sala-Puigdollers ◽  
Samantha Fraser-Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Diabetic Macular Edema ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Observational Cohort Study ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Dexamethasone Implant ◽  
Central Subfield Thickness ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Stable Improvement

AbstractTo analyze functional and anatomical response patterns to dexamethasone (DEX) implant in diabetic macular edema (DME), to describe proportion of responders and non-responders, and to propose a new DME grading system. Retrospective, multicenter, observational cohort study. Naïve and non-naïve DME patients were treated with DEX, with visual acuity (VA) ≥ 0.2 logMAR and central subfield thickness (CST) of ≥ 300 µm. Functional and anatomical responses were graded after 2 and 4 months, and categorized as early and stable improvement, early and progressive improvement, pendular response, delayed improvement, and persistent non-response. 417 eyes were included (175 treatment naïve eyes). Compared to non-naïve eyes, naïve eyes showed a very good functional response (VA gain ≥ 10 letters) more frequently after 2 and 4 months (56% and 57% [naïve] vs. 33% and 28% [non-naïve], p < 0.001). A VA gain < 5 letters (non-response) after 2 and 4 months was seen in 18% and 16% of naïve eyes, and in 49% and 53% of non-naïve eyes (p < 0.001). A lack of anatomical response was rare in both groups, but more frequently in non-naïve eyes (12% vs. 4%, p = 0.003). Functionally and anatomically, naïve eyes showed most frequently an early and stable improvement (functionally: 77/175 44%; anatomically: 123/175 eyes, 70%). Most non-naïve eyes experienced no significant improvement functionally (97/242 eyes, 40%), despite a mostly early and stable improvement anatomical response pattern (102/242 eyes, 42%). Functional but not anatomical response patterns were influenced by baseline VA. Naïve and non-naïve eyes show different functional and anatomical response patterns to DEX implant. Functional non-responders are rare in naïve eyes, whereas anatomical non-response is unusual in both groups.

scholarly journals Evaluation of working memory in relation to cochlear implant consonant speech discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai M. El Ghazaly ◽  
Mona I. Mourad ◽  
Nesrine H. Hamouda ◽  
Mohamed A. Talaat
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Speech And Language Development

Abstract Background Speech perception in cochlear implants (CI) is affected by frequency resolution, exposure time, and working memory. Frequency discrimination is especially difficult in CI. Working memory is important for speech and language development and is expected to contribute to the vast variability in CI speech reception and expression outcome. The aim of this study is to evaluate CI patients’ consonants discrimination that varies in voicing, manner, and place of articulation imparting differences in pitch, time, and intensity, and also to evaluate working memory status and its possible effect on consonant discrimination. Results Fifty-five CI patients were included in this study. Their aided thresholds were less than 40 dBHL. Consonant speech discrimination was assessed using Arabic consonant discrimination words. Working memory was assessed using Test of Memory and Learning-2 (TOMAL-2). Subjects were divided according to the onset of hearing loss into prelingual children and postlingual adults and teenagers. Consonant classes studied were fricatives, stops, nasals, and laterals. Performance on the high frequency CVC words was 64.23% ± 17.41 for prelinguals and 61.70% ± 14.47 for postlinguals. These scores were significantly lower than scores on phonetically balanced word list (PBWL) of 79.94% ± 12.69 for prelinguals and 80.80% ± 11.36 for postlinguals. The lowest scores were for the fricatives. Working memory scores were strongly and positively correlated with speech discrimination scores. Conclusions Consonant discrimination using high frequency weighted words can provide a realistic tool for assessment of CI speech perception. Working memory skills showed a strong positive relationship with speech discrimination abilities in CI.

Diversity of Response Patterns in a Simple Repetitive Uniform Task

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 435-445
Author(s):  
James P. B. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Parallel Lines

A 3×3×3 factorial design, N=135, is used to evaluate the effects of three conditions of feedback (zero, low extrinsic, and high extrinsic), three conditions of response pattern restriction (no restriction dictated, restriction to three patterns, restriction to one pattern), and three levels of repetitive-figure manipulation diversity determined by scores on Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Form A, Activity III: repetitive parallel lines. The experimental task was to turn nine circularly arranged knobs repetitively in a white visual, broadband audio environment over three 6-minute periods separated by rest pauses. O'Brien (1976) found significant differences for measures of response variability including pattern changing activity, pattern shifting, error factors, and other measures. An extended ad hoc analysis of that exploratory study is accomplished in which a comparison of percent common patterns emitted evidences that Ss who score differently on the pretest perform with different degrees of uniqueness when they are restricted to repetition of previous patterns, but not when they are free to vary types of patterns emitted. Also, comparison of initial trials indicates that high pretest scorers are more likely to begin the task with rarer patterns, low scorers use more common patterns, and intermediate scorers fall in between.

Children's Categorization of Consonants by Manner and Place Characteristics

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucrezia Tomes ◽  
Ralph L. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Normal Speaking

Ten normal-speaking 5-year-olds and 10 normal-speaking 7-year-olds were required to categorize consonants as "dripping" (stop) or "flowing" (fricative) and as "tongue" (lingual place of articulation) or "lip" (labial place of articulation). Both groups of children performed more accurately than would be expected on the basis of chance alone. However, 5-year-olds performed more poorly than did 7-year-olds, primarily because 5-year-olds were significantly less accurate than 7-year-olds in categorizing according to manner. Children's ability to categorize was evaluated as an indicator of their awareness of feature characteristics of consonants. Their performance does not unambiguously reflect feature awareness but may be related to other variables such as their use of response strategies or the nature of the task.

scholarly journals Clinical features and outcome of Covid-19 in individuals without Comorbidities. Do children have the advantage?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Dr. Abhishek Kumar ◽  
◽  
Dr. Nilu Kumari ◽  
Dr. Ranjeet Kumar Singh ◽  
Dr. Alok Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Respiratory Complaints

Objective: Information regarding clinical characteristics and the natural course of COVID-19amongst individuals without comorbidities is scarce. We therefore conducted a retrospectiveobservational study to decipher the disease profile in two different age groups, middle-aged (40-59years) and children (up to 12 years). Method: Study was conducted by reviewing the medicalrecords of all patients in the desired age groups and excluding all those with preexisting illness(called comorbidities). Result: A total of 154 and 27 patients were enrolled and studied in themiddle-aged adults and children group respectively. Males dominated in both groups with a sex ratioof 2.9 in adults and 1.7 in children. Most of the children (92.5%) had a history of exposure from aninfected family member, while in the adult group history of contact was present in 71.4% ofpatients.62.9% of children had an asymptomatic infection which was significantly higher than 22.8%in adults. Cough and fever were the most common symptoms in both age groups, but adults weremore likely to have respiratory complaints when compared with children.11 (7.1%) patients in theadult group had severe disease while in the children group none had severe disease. Similarly in theadult group 11 patients required ICU admission, but none in the children group. The mean durationof RTPCR positivity was similar in both groups. There was 1 (0.6%) expiry in the adult groupwhereas none in children. Conclusion: Healthy individuals in both middle-aged and children grouptend to have milder disease and both harbour the virus for the almost same duration but adults aremore symptomatic in comparison to children and hence children are more likely to be potentialasymptomatic carrier and transmitter of infection.

scholarly journals Group Analysis of Q Values Calculated with Tangential Radius of Curvature from Human Anterior Corneal Surface

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Zheren Xia ◽  
Chengmin Lin ◽  
Xueping Huang ◽  
Jinglu Ying ◽  
Mingguang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Corneal Surface ◽  
Power Maps ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Orbscan Ii

Objective. To calculate the Q values from the human anterior corneal surface with the tangential radius of curvature and analyze its distribution characteristics in different age and refractive status groups. Methods. Tangential power maps of the anterior cornea from Orbscan II were acquired for 201 subjects’ right eyes. They were divided into groups of adults and children and then divided further into subgroups according to the refraction status. The Q values of each semimeridian were calculated by the tangential radius with a linear regression equation. The Q value distribution in both the nasal cornea and temporal cornea were analyzed. Results. The mean temporal Q values of the emmetropia group of adults and all children’s groups were significantly different from the mean nasal Q value. The mean nasal corneal Q values were more negative in children. The adult group showed differences only in the low myopia group. The mean Q value of the nasal cornea among different refractive groups of children was significantly different, and so was the temporal cornea between the adult myopia and emmetropia group. Conclusion. The method using the tangential radius of curvature combined with linear regression to obtain anterior surface Q values for both adults and children was stable and reliable. When we analyzed the anterior corneal Q value, area division was necessary.

Training Effects on Response Strategies in a Perceptual Motor Task

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 755-758
Author(s):  
Jani Gabriel Byrne ◽  
Nancy S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Early Performance

This study examined the influence of training on individual differences in time-sharing response strategies for a dual-task. Using early performance measures in a dual-task, subjects were classified on Day 1 as performing in either a simultaneous, alternating, or massed fashion. On Day 2, subjects received training instructions to either upgrade or maintain their particular response strategy. The results indicated that training was successful in the majority of the cases. Close inspection of performance revealed that subjects who were not able to achieve simultaneity had learned the dual-task response pattern, but were responding too slowly.

The Investigation of Compliment Response Patterns across Gender and Age among Advanced EFL Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Yazdani Khaneshan ◽  
Alireza Bonyadi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Compliment Responses ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
The Given

Compliment responses (CRs) as manifestations of social-cultural standards and politeness varieties of a certain speech community are prevalent types of speech acts which are vulnerable to be misunderstood and therefore cause communication breakdown. Having this in mind, the recent study aimed at investigating compliment response strategies of Iranian advanced EFL learners across gender and age. The data were collected through application of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT), borrowed from Chen and Yang (2010), with four situational settings (appearance, clothing, ability, and possession) to 50 male and 50 female advanced EFL learners of an English institute in Iran. Based on qualitative data analysis, no difference was shown between the CR strategies employed by male and female participants in terms of frequency. Likewise, it was revealed that the frequency of CR strategies used by teenage and adult groups was very close. However, scrutinizing the emerging themes, besides similarities between the given groups, some subtle differences in the terminology of the employed strategies were detected.

scholarly journals Effects of group size on the threat-sensitive response to varying concentrations of chemical alarm cues by juvenile convict cichlids

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E Brown ◽  
Tony Bongiorno ◽  
Daniel M DiCapua ◽  
Laura I Ivan ◽  
Ellie Roh
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Graded Response ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

The threat-sensitive predator avoidance model predicts that prey should balance the intensity of antipredator responses against perceived predation risk, resulting in a graded response pattern. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable interspecific variation in the intensity of threat-sensitive response patterns, ranging from strongly graded to relatively nongraded or "hypersensitive" threat-sensitive response patterns. Here, we test for intraspecific plasticity in threat-sensitive responses by varying group size. We exposed juvenile convict cichlids, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867), as individuals or in small (groups of three) or large (groups of six) shoals to a series of dilutions of conspecific chemical alarm cues and a distilled water control. Singleton cichlids exhibited significant reductions in time spent moving and in frequency of foraging attempts (relative to distilled water controls) when exposed to a 12.5% dilution of conspecific alarm cue, with no difference in response intensity at higher stimulus concentrations, suggesting a nongraded (hypersensitive) response pattern. Small shoals exhibited a similar response pattern, but at a higher response threshold (25% dilution of stock alarm cue solution). Large shoals, however, exhibited a graded response pattern. These results suggest that group size influences the trade-off between predator avoidance and other fitness related activities, resulting in flexible threat-sensitive response patterns.

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