scholarly journals Transcriptional response to West Nile virus infection in the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata )

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 170296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Newhouse ◽  
Erik K. Hofmeister ◽  
Christopher N. Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Taeniopygia Guttata ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widespread arbovirus that imposes a significant cost to both human and wildlife health. WNV exists in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle in which passerine birds act as the primary reservoir host. As a public health concern, the mammalian immune response to WNV has been studied in detail. Little, however, is known about the avian immune response to WNV. Avian taxa show variable susceptibility to WNV and what drives this variation is unknown. Thus, to study the immune response to WNV in birds, we experimentally infected captive zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ). Zebra finches provide a useful model, as like many natural avian hosts they are moderately susceptible to WNV and thus provide sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes. We performed RNAseq in spleen tissue during peak viremia to provide an overview of the transcriptional response. In general, we find strong parallels with the mammalian immune response to WNV, including upregulation of five genes in the Rig-I-like receptor signalling pathway, and offer insights into avian-specific responses. Together with complementary immunological assays, we provide a model of the avian immune response to WNV and set the stage for future comparative studies among variably susceptible populations and species.

scholarly journals Transcriptional response to West Nile virus infection in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a songbird model for immune function

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Newhouse ◽  
Erik K Hofmeister ◽  
Christopher N Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Taeniopygia Guttata ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle

West Nile Virus (WNV) is the one of most widespread arboviruses worldwide. WNV exists in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle where passerine birds act as the primary reservoir host. As a public health concern, the mammalian immune response to WNV has been studied in detail. Little, however, is known about the avian immune response to WNV. Avian taxa show variable susceptibility to WNV and what drives this variation is unknown. Thus, to study the immune response to WNV in birds, we experimentally infected captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Zebra finches provide a useful model, as like many natural avian hosts they are moderately susceptible to WNV and thus provide sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes. We performed splenic RNAseq during peak viremia to provide an overview of the transcriptional response. In general, we find strong parallels with the mammalian immune response to WNV, including up-regulation of five genes in the Rig-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and offer insights into avian specific responses. Together with complementary immunological assays, we provide a model of the avian immune response to WNV and set the stage for future comparative studies among variably susceptible populations and species.

scholarly journals Proximity of Residence to Bodies of Water and Risk for West Nile Virus Infection: A Case-Control Study in Houston, Texas

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Nolan ◽  
Ana Zangeneh ◽  
Salma A. Khuwaja ◽  
Diana Martinez ◽  
Susan N. Rossmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Slow Moving

West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus, has clinically affected hundreds of residents in the Houston metropolitan area since its introduction in 2002. This study aimed to determine if living within close proximity to a water source increases one’s odds of infection with WNV. We identified 356 eligible WNV-positive cases and 356 controls using a population proportionate to size model with US Census Bureau data. We found that living near slow moving water sources was statistically associated with increased odds for human infection, while living near moderate moving water systems was associated with decreased odds for human infection. Living near bayous lined with vegetation as opposed to concrete also showed increased risk of infection. The habitats of slow moving and vegetation lined water sources appear to favor the mosquito-human transmission cycle. These methods can be used by resource-limited health entities to identify high-risk areas for arboviral disease surveillance and efficient mosquito management initiatives.

scholarly journals Effects of weather and landscape on the equine West Nile virus infection risk in Mississippi, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Equine West Nile Virus

The West Nile virus (WNv) continues to be a public health concern in North America. Dry weather appears to increase human WNv infection risks, but it is uncertain whether dry weather conditions exert similar effects on the corresponding equine WNv infection. This study assessed the effects of precipitation of the previous year and land cover diversity on the equine WNv risk of Mississippi, USA, at the county level in the year 2002 using Bayesian hierarchical models. The risk estimated for 2002 was found to be inversely related to annual precipitation of the preceding year. Equine WNv risks were lower with greater land cover diversity probably due to the diluting effects of biodiversity. Correlation between the equine and human WNv risks was positive but relatively low. Dry weather conditions of the previous year might reduce mosquito competitors and predators and subsequently increase mosquito abundances and equine WNv risks in agricultural areas with low biodiversity.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infection in humans and other vertebrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic ◽  
V. Milosevic ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
G. Kovacevic ◽  
J. Radovanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The Usa

The West Nile virus is an arthropod borne or ARBO virus from the Flaviviridae family, which is maintained in nature in the transmission cycle between hosting birds and ornithophilic mosquito vectors. The virus is capable of infecting different vertebrate species and 60 mosquito species. The infection in humans can be asymptomatic or it can have different clinical manifestations ranging from light febrile diseases to fatal meningoencephalitis. This paper presents recent findings on the activity of the West Nile virus in Europe, the USA and Serbia. Presented are the results of serological testing of human populations and animals in Serbia, and the methods of molecular diagnostics to prove the existence of the virus.

scholarly journals Vγ4+T cells regulate host immune response to West Nile virus infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Welte ◽  
Judith Aronson ◽  
Bin Gong ◽  
Aparna Rachamallu ◽  
Nicole Mendell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Toll-like receptor 7-induced immune response to cutaneous West Nile virus infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2660-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Welte ◽  
Krystle Reagan ◽  
Hao Fang ◽  
Carlos Machain-Williams ◽  
Xin Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 response represents a vital host-defence mechanism in a murine model of systemic West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Here, we investigated the role of the TLR7-induced immune response following cutaneous WNV infection. We found that there was no difference in susceptibility to WNV encephalitis between wild-type and TLR7−/− mice upon intradermal injection or infected mosquito feeding. Viral load analysis revealed similar levels of WNV RNA in the peripheral tissues and brains of these two groups of mice following intradermal infection. There was a higher level of cytokines in the blood of wild-type mice at early stages of infection; however, this difference was diminished in the blood and brains at later stages. Langerhans cells (LCs) are permissive to WNV infection and migrate from the skin to draining lymph nodes upon intradermal challenge. Our data showed that WNV infection of TLR7−/− keratinocytes was significantly higher than that of wild-type keratinocytes. Infection of wild-type keratinocytes induced higher levels of alpha interferon and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-12, which might promote LC migration from the skin. Co-culture of naïve LCs of wild-type mice with WNV-infected wild-type keratinocytes resulted in the production of more IL-6 and IL-12 than with TLR7−/− keratinocytes or by cultured LCs alone. Moreover, LCs in the epidermis were reduced in wild-type mice, but not in TLR7−/− mice, following intradermal WNV infection. Overall, our results suggest that the TLR7 response following cutaneous infection promotes LC migration from the skin, which might compromise its protective effect in systemic infection.

PS1-124 A Systems Biology approach to defining the host immune response to West Nile virus infection

Cytokine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
Mehul S. Suthar ◽  
Margaret Brassil ◽  
Sean Proll ◽  
Sarah Belisle ◽  
Michael G. Katze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej ◽  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Ljubo Barbic ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Th17 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ

Data on the immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) are limited. We analyzed the antiviral cytokine response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with WNV fever and WNV neuroinvasive disease using a multiplex bead-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of 13 human cytokines. The panel included cytokines associated with innate and early pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-α/IL-6), Th1 (IL-2/IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4/IL-5/IL-9/IL-13), Th17 immune response (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21/IL-22) and the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Elevated levels of IFN-γ were detected in 71.7% of CSF and 22.7% of serum samples (p = 0.003). Expression of IL-2/IL-4/TNF-α and Th1 17 cytokines (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21) was detected in the serum but not in the CSF (except one positive CSF sample for IL-17F/IL-4). While IL-6 levels were markedly higher in the CSF compared to serum (CSF median 2036.71, IQR 213.82–6190.50; serum median 24.48, IQR 11.93–49.81; p < 0.001), no difference in the IL-13/IL-9/IL-10/IFN-γ/IL-22 levels in serum/CSF was found. In conclusion, increased concentrations of the key cytokines associated with innate and early acute phase responses (IL-6) and Th1 type immune responses (IFN-γ) were found in the CNS of patients with WNV infection. In contrast, expression of the key T-cell growth factor IL-2, Th17 cytokines, a Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α appear to be concentrated mainly in the periphery.

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