scholarly journals Two types of bone necrosis in the Middle Triassic Pistosaurus longaevus bones: the results of integrated studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Surmik ◽  
Bruce M. Rothschild ◽  
Mateusz Dulski ◽  
Katarzyna Janiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Middle Triassic ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
Bone Necrosis ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Pathological Modification

Avascular necrosis, diagnosed on the basis of either a specific pathological modification of the articular surfaces of bone or its radiologic appearance in vertebral centra, has been recognized in many Mesozoic marine reptiles as well as in present-day marine mammals. Its presence in the zoological and paleontologic record is usually associated with decompression syndrome, a disease that affects secondarily aquatic vertebrates that could dive. Bone necrosis can also be caused by infectious processes, but it differs in appearance from decompression syndrome-associated aseptic necrosis. Herein, we report evidence of septic necrosis in the proximal articular surface of the femur of a marine reptile, Pistosaurus longaevus , from the Middle Triassic of Poland and Germany. This is the oldest recognition of septic necrosis associated with septic arthritis in the fossil record so far, and the mineralogical composition of pathologically altered bone is described herein in detail. The occurrence of septic necrosis is contrasted with decompression syndrome-associated avascular necrosis, also described in Pistosaurus longaevus bone from Middle Triassic of Germany.

scholarly journals The significance of polymorphisms of gene coagulation factors VII and XIII in the pathogenesis of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
M.A. Panin ◽  
◽  
N.V Zagorodnii ◽  
A.V. Boiko ◽  
L.M. Samokhodskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
And Control

Introduction Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a poly-etiologic and socially significant disease in the age of 20 to 50 years and is associated with disability. Research on the identification of necrosis causes/predictors is a relevant issue. Purpose To study the contribution of polymorphisms in the genes of coagulation factors F7 and F13 in the aetiology of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Methods Polymorphisms of the genes of coagulation factors F7 and F13 were studied; comparative analysis of the frequency of important allelic variants of F7genes (Arg353Gln) and F13 (Val134Leu) in patients with a verified diagnosis of aseptic necrosis (study group) and in healthy patients (control group) was performed. The study group included 41 patients (all males) with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head of unknown etiology. Results The frequency of gene alleles in the F7 Arg353Gln in the study group were: GG in 30 out of 41 patients (73.2 %), GA in 11 out of 41 patients (26.8 %), and none of 41 patients had a polymorphic variant AA. The frequency of alleles of this type of gene in the control group was as follows: GG in 7 out of 320 subjects (2.2 %), GA in 66 out of 320 patients (20.6 %), AA in 247 out of 320 (77.2 %). Significant differences were identified in the frequencies of homozygous genotypes, AA (χ2 = 100.215, p < 0.001) and GG (χ2 = 205.770, p < 0.001) in the study and control groups respectively. As for the heterozygous GA genotype, the differences were not significant (χ2 = 0.834, p = 0.362). The GG genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13 WAS 2.8 times more frequent in patients of the study group, differences were statistically significant (26.8 % against 9.7 %, χ2 = 10.388; p = 0.002). The presence of the TT genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13 was almost five times more frequent (χ2 = 18.956, p < 0.001) in healthy individuals (control group). Differences in the frequency of allele T in homo/ and heterozygous combinations (TT and GT) in the study and control groups was also significant (72.7 % vs 90.1 %, respectively, χ2 = 4.946, p = 0.027). Discussion Polymorphisms of coagulation factors genes F7 and F13 have a significant effect on the genesis of non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Risk factor of ANFH development is homozygous GG genotype in the gene Arg353Gln F7. Low probability of the disease is due to a protective role of AA genotype of the gene Arg353Gln F7 and TT genotype of the gene Val134Leu F13.

scholarly journals Hematological convergence between Mesozoic marine reptiles (Sauropterygia) and extant aquatic amniotes elucidates diving adaptations in plesiosaurs

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna V. Fleischle ◽  
P. Martin Sander ◽  
Tanja Wintrich ◽  
Kai R. Caspar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Middle Triassic ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Marine Reptiles ◽  
Canal Diameter ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Pelagic Habitat

Plesiosaurs are a prominent group of Mesozoic marine reptiles, belonging to the more inclusive clades Pistosauroidea and Sauropterygia. In the Middle Triassic, the early pistosauroid ancestors of plesiosaurs left their ancestral coastal habitats and increasingly adapted to a life in the open ocean. This ecological shift was accompanied by profound changes in locomotion, sensory ecology and metabolism. However, investigations of physiological adaptations on the cellular level related to the pelagic lifestyle are lacking so far. Using vascular canal diameter, derived from osteohistological thin-sections, we show that inferred red blood cell size significantly increases in pistosauroids compared to more basal sauropterygians. This change appears to have occurred in conjunction with the dispersal to open marine environments, with cell size remaining consistently large in plesiosaurs. Enlarged red blood cells likely represent an adaptation of plesiosaurs repeated deep dives in the pelagic habitat and mirror conditions found in extant marine mammals and birds. Our results emphasize physiological aspects of adaptive convergence among fossil and extant marine amniotes and add to our current understanding of plesiosaur evolution.

scholarly journals Aseptic (avascular) bone necrosis in the foot and ankle

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 684-690
Author(s):  
Xavier Martin Oliva ◽  
Antonio Viladot Voegeli
Keyword(s):  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Loose Bodies ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
Bone Necrosis ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Talar Fractures

Aseptic necrosis may be defined as a group of diseases that have bone necrosis as a common denominator. They usually appear in the epiphyses and in the carpal and tarsal bones. They generally appear during a growth period and principally at those skeletal points subjected to particular stress. In Müller–Weiss disease in the advanced stages, talonavicular-cuneiform arthrodesis, with or without back foot correction, is the best surgical option. In Freiberg–Kohler disease, treatment can be conservative and we can maintain the head of the metatarsal by performing a joint debridement of the metatarsophalangeal joint with removal of loose bodies. The lateral upper and lower faces of the distal extremity of the metatarsal are resected, preserving the joint cartilage that in its centre portion is always healthy. The osteophyte border that may be present in the phalanx is resected. Most frequently, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus is a sequel to talar fractures, with the possibility that the AVN increases with the severity of the trauma and the damage associated with the already precarious blood supply of the talus. The surgical treatment used for sesamoid AVN is partial excision of the affected bone. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:684-690. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200007

scholarly journals Radial Neck Osteotomy for Malunion of Radial Neck Fracture in Childhood

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Vandergugten ◽  
Serge Troussel ◽  
Bernard Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Radial Head ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Open Reduction ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Coronoid Process ◽  
Radial Neck Fracture ◽  
Radial Neck ◽  
Neck Fracture ◽  
Initial Fracture

In a case of a neglected radial neck fracture in childhood, the management of initial fracture and its complications are subjected to discussion. In children, open reduction should be avoided but an angulation less than 30° must be obtained. Several techniques exist to manage symptomatic malunion in adults, including resection, prosthesis, and osteotomy. When performing an osteotomy, it is important first to preserve an intact osseous hinge to avoid avascular necrosis and second to align the edge of the radial head articular surface with the lateral edge of the coronoid process, in order to avoid overstuffing elbow joint.

scholarly journals Thresholds for impaired species recovery

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1809) ◽  
pp. 20150654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Allee Effects ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Declining Populations

Studies on small and declining populations dominate research in conservation biology. This emphasis reflects two overarching frameworks: the small-population paradigm focuses on correlates of increased extinction probability; the declining-population paradigm directs attention to the causes and consequences of depletion. Neither, however, particularly informs research on the determinants, rate or uncertainty of population increase. By contrast, Allee effects (positive associations between population size and realized per capita population growth rate, r realized , a metric of average individual fitness) offer a theoretical and empirical basis for identifying numerical and temporal thresholds at which recovery is unlikely or uncertain. Following a critique of studies on Allee effects, I quantify population-size minima and subsequent trajectories of marine fishes that have and have not recovered following threat mitigation. The data suggest that threat amelioration, albeit necessary, can be insufficient to effect recovery for populations depleted to less than 10% of maximum abundance ( N max ), especially when they remain depleted for lengthy periods of time. Comparing terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, life-history analyses suggest that population-size thresholds for impaired recovery are likely to be comparatively low for marine fishes but high for marine mammals. Articulation of a ‘recovering population paradigm’ would seem warranted. It might stimulate concerted efforts to identify generic impaired recovery thresholds across species. It might also serve to reduce the confusion of terminology, and the conflation of causes and consequences with patterns currently evident in the literature on Allee effects, thus strengthening communication among researchers and enhancing the practical utility of recovery-oriented research to conservation practitioners and resource managers.

scholarly journals ROLE OF PANCHTIKTA KSHIRA BASTI IN MANAGEMENT OF AVASCULAR NECROSIS: A CASE STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr Pankaj Sharma ◽  
Dr Pankaj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorder ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Surgical Operation ◽  
Bone Necrosis

Avascular necrosis additionally referred to as osteo-necrosis or Ischemic bone necrosis is a condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood supply of bone. An interruption in the blood supply causes bone cells to die. AVN of femoral head is that the commonest sort of necrosis affecting the bone. In Ayurveda, It correlated with asthimajjagata vaat (musculoskeletal disorder). An effort has been made within the present study to gauge the efficacy of panchtikta kshir basti in conservative management of femoral head necrosis of the bone. In Modern medicine, no any unique remedy as opposed to surgical operation is available.

scholarly journals Microbiome Composition and Function in Aquatic Vertebrates: Small Organisms Making Big Impacts on Aquatic Animal Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludek Sehnal ◽  
Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins ◽  
Alexis M. Wormington ◽  
Ludek Blaha ◽  
Joe Bisesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Aquatic ecosystems are under increasing stress from global anthropogenic and natural changes, including climate change, eutrophication, ocean acidification, and pollution. In this critical review, we synthesize research on the microbiota of aquatic vertebrates and discuss the impact of emerging stressors on aquatic microbial communities using two case studies, that of toxic cyanobacteria and microplastics. Most studies to date are focused on host-associated microbiomes of individual organisms, however, few studies take an integrative approach to examine aquatic vertebrate microbiomes by considering both host-associated and free-living microbiota within an ecosystem. We highlight what is known about microbiota in aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on the interface between water, fish, and marine mammals. Though microbiomes in water vary with geography, temperature, depth, and other factors, core microbial functions such as primary production, nitrogen cycling, and nutrient metabolism are often conserved across aquatic environments. We outline knowledge on the composition and function of tissue-specific microbiomes in fish and marine mammals and discuss the environmental factors influencing their structure. The microbiota of aquatic mammals and fish are highly unique to species and a delicate balance between respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal microbiota exists within the host. In aquatic vertebrates, water conditions and ecological niche are driving factors behind microbial composition and function. We also generate a comprehensive catalog of marine mammal and fish microbial genera, revealing commonalities in composition and function among aquatic species, and discuss the potential use of microbiomes as indicators of health and ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. We also discuss the importance of a focus on the functional relevance of microbial communities in relation to organism physiology and their ability to overcome stressors related to global change. Understanding the dynamic relationship between aquatic microbiota and the animals they colonize is critical for monitoring water quality and population health.

ASEPTIC NECROSIS OF THE HAMATE: A CASE REPORT

Hand Surgery ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Tukenmez ◽  
Sıtkı Percin ◽  
Gunduz Tezeren
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Cancellous Bone Graft ◽  
Necrotic Bone ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
Plain Radiographs

The case of a 25-year-old man with osteonecrosis of the hamate is reported. He had pain and swelling in his right wrist. The diagnosis was accomplished with plain radiographs as well as with MRI. The case was treated surgically that included resection of the necrotic bone. The occured cavity was filled with autogenous cancellous bone graft. In addition, capito-hamate arthrodesis was performed. Histopathological examination following the operation demonstrated avascular necrosis of the hamate. The arthrodesis was obtained four months after the operation.

Bone Necrosis and Urinary Hydroxyproline Excretion in Rabbits

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Weatherley ◽  
G. Dale ◽  
J. McGurk ◽  
D. N. Walder
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Urinary Hydroxyproline ◽  
Aseptic Necrosis ◽  
Bone Necrosis ◽  
Histological Evidence ◽  
Chronic Complication ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hydroxyproline Excretion ◽  
Early Indication

1. Aseptic necrosis of bone is a serious chronic complication of deep-sea diving and compressed-air work. 2. The changes to the bone which occur in this condition take time to develop to the stage where they cause the radiographic signs of bone necrosis, and consequently there is a delay of some months between the causal incident and the first diagnosis by radiography. 3. As a possible method for the earlier detection of bone necrosis the 24 h urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was measured over a period before and after experimental production of bone necrosis in rabbits by the intra-arterial injection of glass microspheres. 4. Total hydroxyproline excretion rose significantly within a few days of the injection in those rabbits in which there was later shown to be histological evidence of bone necrosis. This rise occurred long before there was any radiographic change. 5. It is suggested that measurement of urinary hydroxyproline might be used to give an early indication of bone necrosis in man.

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