scholarly journals Does the stress response predict the ability of wild birds to adjust to short-term captivity? A study of the rock pigeon ( Columbia livia )

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 160840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Angelier ◽  
Charline Parenteau ◽  
Colette Trouvé ◽  
Nicole Angelier
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Columbia Livia ◽  
Confined Environment

Although the transfer of wild animals to captivity is crucial for conservation purposes, this process is often challenging because some species or individuals do not adjust well to captive conditions. Chronic stress has been identified as a major concern for animals held on long-term captivity. Surprisingly, the first hours or days of captivity have been relatively overlooked. However, they are certainly very stressful, because individuals are being transferred to a totally novel and confined environment. To ensure the success of conservation programmes, it appears crucial to better understand the proximate causes of interspecific and interindividual variability in the sensitivity to these first hours of captivity. In that respect, the study of stress hormones is relevant, because the hormonal stress response may help to assess whether specific individuals or species adjust, or not, to such captive conditions (‘the stress response-adjustment to captivity hypothesis’). We tested this hypothesis in rock pigeons by measuring their corticosterone stress response and their ability to adjust to short-term captivity (body mass loss and circulating corticosterone levels after a day of captivity). We showed that an increased corticosterone stress response is associated with a lower ability to adjust to short-term captivity (i.e. higher body mass loss and circulating corticosterone levels). Our study suggests, therefore, that a low physiological sensitivity to stress may be beneficial for adjusting to captivity. Future studies should now explore whether the stress response can be useful to predict the ability of individuals from different populations or species to not only adjust to short-term but also long-term captivity.

scholarly journals Activation of the central melanocortin system in rats persistently reduces body and fat mass independently of caloric reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Côté ◽  
Sara M. Green ◽  
Drake Morgan ◽  
Christy S. Carter ◽  
Nihal Tümer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Melanocortin System ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Recent evidence indicate that melanotan II (MTII) reduces body mass independently of caloric reduction. Because MTII induces a transient hypophagia, caloric reduction is still considered a primary mechanism for MTII-mediated body mass loss. To examine the contribution of caloric reduction to long-term body mass loss in response to MTII, we centrally infused MTII or vehicle in ad libitum fed (MTII and Control) animals in comparison with a group of animals that were pair-fed (PF) to the MTII group. Food intake and body mass were recorded daily, and body composition was assessed biweekly. The present study demonstrates that central MTII-mediated body mass loss is only partially mediated by caloric restriction, and the long-term body mass loss is independent of the initial hypophagia. More importantly, central MTII administration induced a rapid but sustained fat mass loss, independently of caloric reduction. MTII-treated animals preserved their lean/fat mass ratio throughout the study, whereas PF animals underwent a transient reduction of lean/fat mass ratio that was only normalized when food intake returned to Control level. In summary, it can be concluded that activation of the central melanocortin system in rats persistently reduces body and fat mass independently of caloric reduction.

The physiology of juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) during an acute saltwater challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam T. Downie ◽  
James D. Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Acipenser Brevirostrum ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Ions ◽  
One Year

One-year-old shortnose sturgeons (Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur, 1818) were exposed to seawater (32 ppt) and brackish water (16 and 24 ppt) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and % body mass loss, plasma ions, energy metabolites, and oxygen-carrying variables were measured to evaluate survival and the physiological response to the acute salinity challenges. Survival in seawater was poor and plasma ion concentration was elevated in seawater. In sturgeons exposed to 24 ppt brackish water, ion concentrations remained elevated for 48 h, but began to decrease by 72 h. Fish exposed to 16 ppt brackish water did not show significant changes in ion concentrations over the 72 h period. Exposure to 32 ppt seawater resulted in significant and large decreases in body mass (about 20%–25%), whereas body mass loss was significantly less in fish exposed to 16 and 24 ppt brackish water. Overall, these findings suggest that juvenile sturgeons are able to tolerate lower salinities well but are less capable to endure higher salinities even on the short term (>48 h). These results suggest that juvenile A. brevirostrum could inhabit brackish environments earlier than previously expected, and that there appears to be a threshold at which salinity becomes a significant stress to these animals.

Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. R61-R68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Robin ◽  
M. Frain ◽  
C. Sardet ◽  
R. Groscolas ◽  
Y. Le Maho
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Emperor Penguins

The body mass of male emperor penguins is approximately 38 kg at the beginning of the 4-mo winter fast connected with breeding, and it is an estimated approximately 18 kg in leanest birds at time of spontaneous refeeding. For a 38- to 18-kg range, we investigated the changes in the rate of body mass loss, body composition, and plasma concentrations of uric acid and urea. After the first few days (phase I) a steady state (phase II) was reached in the proportions of the energy derived from proteins and lipids with proteins accounting for a constant 4%, and the remaining 96% being from lipids. The same proportions were maintained until body mass had decreased to 24 kg. Below this value the proportion of energy derived from proteins increased progressively (phase III), being 14 times higher at 18 kg than during phase II. Rate of body mass loss and plasma uric acid and urea concentrations closely reflected the changes in protein utilization: being at a low and steady value throughout phase II and increasing during phase III. Emperor penguins also fast during the spring, but for periods of only 2-3 wk. We found a 2.5 times higher value for rate of body mass loss, uric acid, and urea during spring phase II, suggesting lower effectiveness in protein sparing at that time. It may be attributed to the lower initial lipid reserves of spring birds. Would these findings be generalized to the wide variety of birds and mammals that spontaneously fast under natural conditions?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

23 Nutritional Intake and Weight Change in Severely Burned Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S20-S21
Author(s):  
Sandrine O Fossati ◽  
Beth A Shields ◽  
Renee E Cole ◽  
Adam J Kieffer ◽  
Saul J Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Burn Care

Abstract Introduction Nutrition is crucial for recovery from burn injuries, as severe weight (wt.) loss can lead to impaired immunity and wound healing, infections, skin graft failure, and mortality. Previous studies recommended avoiding more than 10% wt. loss, as this level resulted in increased infection rates. However, wt. loss is often not quantifiable during the critical illness phase, with severe edema masking non-fluid related body wt. changes. Energy (kcal) deficits can be used to estimate wt. loss until the edema has resolved, but previous studies in non-burn patients indicate that actual wt. loss is less than the commonly used 3500 kcal per pound of fat (7700 kcal per kg of fat). The objective of this performance improvement project was to evaluate nutritional intake and the resulting dry wt. change in severely burned patients. Methods This performance improvement project was approved by our regulatory compliance division. We performed a retrospective evaluation on patients with at least 20% total body surface area (TBSA) burns admitted for initial burn care to our intensive care unit over a 7-year period. Patients who died or who had major fascial excisions or limb amputations were excluded. Patients who did not achieve a recorded dry wt. after wound healing were not included in this analysis. Retrospective data were collected, including sex, age, burn size, kcal intake, kcal goal per the Milner equation using activity factor of 1.4, admission dry wt., dry wt. after wound healing (defined as less than 10% TBSA open wound), and days to dry wt. after wound healing. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were performed using JMP. Significance was set at p< 0.05. Results The 30 included patients had the following characteristics: 90% male, 30 ± 11 years old, 45% ± 15% TBSA burn. They received 2720 ± 1092 kcal/day, meeting 68% ± 24% kcal goal, and took approximately 53 ± 30 days from injury to achieve dry wt. after wound healing. These patients had wt. loss of 8 ± 8 kg from the kcal deficit of 69,819 ± 51,704 during this time period. The kcal deficit was significantly associated with wt. change [p < 0.001, R2 = 0.49, wt. change in kg = (-0.000103 x kcal deficit) – 1]. This translates to one kg of body wt. loss resulting from 9709 kcal deficit. Conclusions This performance improvement project found that an energy deficit of approximately 9700 kcal in our patients equates to 1 kg of body mass loss (4400 kcal deficit equates to 1 pound of body mass loss). These findings are similar to wt. loss studies in other patient populations and contrary to the commonly used 3500 kcal per pound of fat (7700 kcal per kg of fat).

scholarly journals Paleolithic Diet—Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Barbara Frączek ◽  
Aleksandra Pięta ◽  
Adrian Burda ◽  
Paulina Mazur-Kurach ◽  
Florentyna Tyrała
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Paleolithic Diet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this meta-analysis was to review the impact of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on selected health indicators (body composition, lipid profile, blood pressure, and carbohydrate metabolism) in the short and long term of nutrition intervention in healthy and unhealthy adults. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of 21 full-text original human studies was conducted. Both the PD and a variety of healthy diets (control diets (CDs)) caused reduction in anthropometric parameters, both in the short and long term. For many indicators, such as weight (body mass (BM)), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), impact was stronger and especially found in the short term. All diets caused a decrease in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), albeit the impact of PD was stronger. Among long-term studies, only PD cased a decline in TC and LDL-C. Impact on blood pressure was observed mainly in the short term. PD caused a decrease in fasting plasma (fP) glucose, fP insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the short run, contrary to CD. In the long term, only PD caused a decrease in fP glucose and fP insulin. Lower positive impact of PD on performance was observed in the group without exercise. Positive effects of the PD on health and the lack of experiments among professional athletes require longer-term interventions to determine the effect of the Paleo diet on athletic performance.

Do researchers impact their study populations? Assessing the effect of field procedures in a long term population monitoring of sea kraits

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fauvel ◽  
François Brischoux ◽  
Marine Jeanne Briand ◽  
Xavier Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Head Morphology

Long term population monitoring is essential to ecological studies; however, field procedures may disturb individuals. Assessing this topic is important in worldwide declining taxa such as reptiles. Previous studies focussed on animal welfare issues and examined short-term effects (e.g. increase of stress hormones due to handling). Long-term effects with possible consequences at the population level remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of widely used field procedures (e.g. handling, marking, forced regurgitation) both on short-term (hormonal stress response) and on long-term (changes in body condition, survival) scales in two intensively monitored populations of sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) in New Caledonia. Focusing on the most intensively monitored sites, from 2002 to 2012, we gathered approximately 11 200 captures/recaptures on 4500 individuals. Each snake was individually marked (scale clipping + branding) and subjected to various measurements (e.g. body size, head morphology, palpation). In addition, a subsample of more than 500 snakes was forced to regurgitate their prey for dietary analyses. Handling caused a significant stress hormonal response, however we found no detrimental long-term effect on body condition. Forced regurgitation did not cause any significant effect on both body condition one year later and survival. These results suggest that the strong short-term stress provoked by field procedures did not translate into negative effects on the population. Although similar analyses are required to test the validity of our conclusions in other species, our results suggest distinguishing welfare and population issues to evaluate the potential impact of population surveys.

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