scholarly journals Decreases in body temperature and body mass constitute pre-hibernation remodelling in the Syrian golden hamster, a facultative mammalian hibernator

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 160002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Chayama ◽  
Lisa Ando ◽  
Yutaka Tamura ◽  
Masayuki Miura ◽  
Yoshifumi Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Hibernation Period ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
Physiological Markers

Hibernation is an adaptive strategy for surviving during periods with little or no food availability, by profoundly reducing the metabolic rate and the core body temperature ( T b ). Obligate hibernators (e.g. bears, ground squirrels, etc.) hibernate every winter under the strict regulation of endogenous circannual rhythms, and they are assumed to undergo adaptive remodelling in autumn, the pre-hibernation period, prior to hibernation. However, little is known about the nature of pre-hibernation remodelling. Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) are facultative hibernators that can hibernate irrespective of seasons when exposed to prolonged short photoperiod and cold ambient temperature (SD-Cold) conditions. Their T b set point reduced by the first deep torpor (DT) and then increased gradually after repeated cycles of DT and periodic arousal (PA), and finally recovered to the level observed before the prolonged SD-Cold in the post-hibernation period. We also found that, before the initiation of hibernation, the body mass of animals decreased below a threshold, indicating that hibernation in this species depends on body condition. These observations suggest that Syrian hamsters undergo pre-hibernation remodelling and that T b and body mass can be useful physiological markers to monitor the remodelling process during the pre-hibernation period.

scholarly journals Body Temperature and Activity Adaptation of Short Photoperiod-Exposed Djungarian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus): Timing, Traits, and Torpor

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Haugg ◽  
Annika Herwig ◽  
Victoria Diedrich
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Phodopus Sungorus ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Experimental Planning

To survive the Siberian winter, Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) adjust their behavior, morphology, and physiology to maintain energy balance. The reduction of body mass and the improvement of fur insulation are followed by the expression of spontaneous daily torpor, a state of reduced metabolism during the resting phase to save additional energy. Since these complex changes require time, the upcoming winter is anticipated via decreasing photoperiod. Yet, the extent of adaptation and torpor use is highly individual. In this study, adaptation was triggered by an artificially changed light regime under laboratory conditions with 20°C ambient temperature and food and water ad libitum. Two approaches analyzed data on weekly measured body mass and fur index as well as continuously recorded core body temperature and activity during: (1) the torpor period of 60 hamsters and (2) the entire adaptation period of 11 hamsters, aiming to identify parameters allowing (1) a better prediction of torpor expression in individuals during the torpor period as well as (2) an early estimation of the adaptation extent and torpor proneness. In approach 1, 46 torpor-expressing hamsters had a median torpor incidence of 0.3, covering the spectrum from no torpor to torpor every day within one representative week. Torpor use reduced the body temperature during both photo- and scotophase. Torpor was never expressed by 14 hamsters. They could be identified by a high, constant body temperature during the torpor period and a low body mass loss during adaptation to a short photoperiod. Already in the first week of short photoperiod, approach 2 revealed that the hamsters extended their activity over the prolonged scotophase, yet with reduced scotophase activity and body temperature. Over the entire adaptation period, scotophase activity and body temperature of the scoto- and photophases were further reduced, later accompanied by a body mass decline and winter fur development. Torpor was expressed by those hamsters with the most pronounced adaptations. These results provide insights into the preconditions and proximate stimuli of torpor expression. This knowledge will improve experimental planning and sampling for neuroendocrine and molecular research on torpor regulation and has the potential to facilitate acute torpor forecasting to eventually unravel torpor regulation processes.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Dehua Wang ◽  
Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽  
Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽  
Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Stable Temperature ◽  
Core Body

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.

scholarly journals Comparison of Tympanic and Tail Temperatures in Angus and Brahman Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dikmen S ◽  
Davila KMS ◽  
Rodriquez E ◽  
Scheffler TL ◽  
Oltenacu PA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brahman Steers ◽  
Core Body

In cattle, core body temperature can be used as an important indicator of heat stress level. However, accurately recording core body temperature can be difficult and labor intensive. The objectives of the current study were 1) to compare the recorded tympanic and tail body temperature measurements in steers and 2) to determine the body temperature change of Angus and Brahman steers in a hot and humid environment. Data was analyzed using a repeated measure model where repeated measures were hourly tympanic and tail temperatures and their difference for individual steers during the day of the experiment. There was a significant breed effect (P=0.01), hour (P<0.0001) and breed by hour interaction (P<0.0001) for the tympanic temperature. Brahman steers, which are known to have superior thermotolerance, maintained a lower body temperature than the Angus steers during the afternoon under grazing conditions. In the Brahman steers there was only a minimal increase in the body temperature throughout the day, an evidence of the thermotolerance ability of the breed. In the Angus steers, which experienced an increase in their body temperature from hour to hour with a peak around 1600 hour; there was a significant difference between the tympanic and tail temperature during the times when the body temperature as measured by the tympanic recordings was the highest (1300 to 1700 hour). Our results indicate that the tympanic temperature can be used to accurately and continuously monitor core body temperature in a natural environment for up to several days and without disturbing the animal.

scholarly journals A Case Report on Osborn Waves of Hypothermia Induced LV Systolic Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajnandini Singha ◽  
Amazing Grace Siangshai ◽  
Jashlyn Lijo
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Qrs Complex ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Gradual Expansion ◽  
Core Body

Hypothermia, described as a core body temperature of < 95%, is associated with ECG alteration abnormalities. Sinus bradycardia occurs when the body temperature drops below 90°F, and is correlated with gradual prolongation of the PR interval, QRS complex, QT interval. It can progress to ventricular and atrial fibrillation at a temperature reaching 89°F, which can lead to left ventricular dysfunction. Hypothermia is connected to the osborn waves, which at the end of the QRS complex consist of additional deflection. The inferior and lateral precordial leads are seen by Osborn waves, also known as J waves, Camel hump waves and hypothermic waves. As the body temperature decreases, it becomes more pronounced and a gradual expansion of the QRS complex raises the likelihood of ventricular fibrillation causing ventricle dysfunction.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hyperbaric Exposure on Immediate and Delayed Changes in Core Temperature and Its Circadian Fluctuations

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kujawski ◽  
Joanna Słomko ◽  
Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska ◽  
Mariusz Kozakiewicz ◽  
Jacek J. Klawe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Hyperbaric Exposure ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Deep Body

Abstract Changes observed in the core body temperature of divers are the result of a multifaceted response from the body to the change of the external environment. In response to repeated activities, there may be a chronic, physiological adaptation of the body’s response system. This is observed in the physiology of experienced divers while diving. The purpose of this study is to determine the immediate and delayed effects of hyperbaric exposure on core temperature, as well as its circadian changes in a group of three experienced divers. During compression at 30 and 60 meters, deep body temperature values tended to increase. Subsequently, deep body temperature values showed a tendency to decrease during decompression. All differences in core temperature values obtained by the group of divers at individual time points in this study were not statistically significant.

Perioperative Temperature Regulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
J. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Temperature Management ◽  
Perioperative Nurses ◽  
Anaesthetic Care ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Patient At Risk

The regulation of body temperature is one of a variety of mechanisms, which play a part in maintaining a stable internal environment in the body thus enabling the body to function optimally. It is crucial that the core body temperature is maintained within a narrow (36–37.5°C) range [Luckmann, 1997]. Thermoregulation in the operating theatre and post anaesthetic care unit is often an underemphasized concern for surgical patients. Anaesthesia and surgery commonly cause substantial alterations in the temperature of surgical patients.Unnecessary heat loss, hypothermia, the typical variation, results from a combination of anaesthetic-induced impairment of thermoregulatory control, a cool, operating room environment and other factors exclusive to surgery and anaesthesia. Estimates of the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia range from 60% to 90% of all surgical cases [Bernthal, 1999, Litwack, 1995], when this condition is defined as a body temperature below 36°C (degrees Celsius) 96.8°F (degrees Fahrenheit) (Arndt, 1999). Hypothermia apart from causing a very unpleasant sensation of cold, places the patient at risk of developing life-threatening events, which include altered cardiac performance, delayed emergence from anaesthesia and increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Although the aim of temperature management by intraoperative medical and nursing staff is prevention of heat loss, the objective of post anaesthetic recovery room staff is usually the restoration of normothermia. Thus, perioperative nurses need to be aware of the need to monitor patient's temperature, be familiar with different patient warming/rewarming methods and be alert for potential problems that can arise from hypothermia.

scholarly journals Circulation and metabolic rates in a natural hibernator: an integrative physiological model

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. R1478-R1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall Hampton ◽  
Bethany T. Nelson ◽  
Matthew T. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Spermophilus Tridecemlineatus ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Core Body

Small hibernating mammals show regular oscillations in their heart rate and body temperature throughout the winter. Long periods of torpor are abruptly interrupted by arousals with heart rates that rapidly increase from 5 beats/min to over 400 beats/min and body temperatures that increase by ∼30°C only to drop back into the hypothermic torpid state within hours. Surgically implanted transmitters were used to obtain high-resolution electrocardiogram and body temperature data from hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels ( Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ). These data were used to construct a model of the circulatory system to gain greater understanding of these rapid and extreme changes in physiology. Our model provides estimates of metabolic rates during the torpor-arousal cycles in different model compartments that would be difficult to measure directly. In the compartment that models the more metabolically active tissues and organs (heart, brain, liver, and brown adipose tissue) the peak metabolic rate occurs at a core body temperature of 19°C approximately midway through an arousal. The peak metabolic rate of the active tissues is nine times the normothermic rate after the arousal is complete. For the overall metabolic rate in all tissues, the peak-to-resting ratio is five. This value is high for a rodent, which provides evidence for the hypothesis that the arousal from torpor is limited by the capabilities of the cardiovascular system.

Maternal influence on juvenile growth rates in Belding's ground squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2140-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Trombulak
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Extra Food ◽  
Spermophilus Beldingi ◽  
Reproductive Females

The influence of food acquisition by pregnant and lactating Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) on the body mass and growth rate of their offspring was assessed in a free-ranging population. In late spring and early summer of 1985 and 1986, individual females in a population of Belding's ground squirrels in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California were given 300–500 g of sunflower seeds daily at the entrances to their burrows. Juveniles born to mothers who received supplemental food emerged from natal burrows on average 28% heavier than did controls (73.0 vs. 57.1 g, P < 0.001) and maintained a greater body mass throughout the remainder of the summer (P < 0.01). Also, females had a nonsignificant tendency towards greater survivorship during their first winter (P = 0.09). Supplemental feeding had no effect on litter size or sex ratio of offspring, or on the mass of the mothers up to the time of weaning, indicating that extra food available in the spring to reproductive females is converted primarily, if not exclusively, into larger offspring. Because the lengths of gestation and lactation are relatively invariable, the greater body mass of emerging juveniles must result from faster growth prior to weaning.

scholarly journals Utilization of Infrared Thermography in Cattle Production and Its Application Potency in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Diana Bansi
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Small Change

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive remote sensing method to detect temperature. Many studies have shown that temperature in several regions of the body could be representative of core body temperature. Body temperature of cattle can be used to evaluate health status, stress, thermal balance, and feed efficiency. The aim of this article is to review utilization of IRT in cattle production system and its potency to be applied in Indonesia. The ability of IRT to detect even the small change of body surface temperature has made this device is very useful in cattle production industry. Infrared thermography has been used as a tool to detect an early detection of inflammation as sign of some diseases such as mastitis, foot and mouth disease. Infrared thermography can also evaluate feed efficiency through detection of heat production produced by metabolism process. Some important constraints of cattle production in Indonesia such as diseases and low feed efficiency may have strong correlation with body temperature change. Therefore, IRT is very potential to be applied in cattle farms in Indonesia.

The study on tolerability and efficacy of the new complex drug «Helmintal tablets» based on moxidectin and praziquantel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Степанов ◽  
V. Stepanov ◽  
Арисова ◽  
G. Arisova ◽  
Смирнова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
Complex Drug

Objective of research: the study on tolerability and therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug Helmintal produced on the basis of two ingredients moxidectin and praziquantel. Materials and methods: In our research, we used four drug modifications: for cats and kittens weighting less than 4 kg (moxidectin 0.4 mg and praziquantel 10 mg); for cats — more than 4 kg (moxidectin 1.6 mg and praziquantel 40 mg); for dogs and puppies — less than 10 kg (moxidectin 1 mg and praziquantel 25 mg); for dogs — more than 10 kg (moxidectin 5 mg and praziquantel 125 mg.) To study the effect of the drug on the organism, three groups of clinically healthy animals were formed (5 animals per group): dogs 1 — 2 years of age with the body mass 18 — 20 kg; puppies 3 — 5 weeks of age weighting 0.8 — 1 kg; cats 1 — 2 years of age weighting 3 — 5 kg; kittens 6 — 8 weeks of age with the body mass 0.6 — 0.8 kg. The drug was given to animals orally once a day in the morning within 7 days in the following doses: the first experimental group — 0.4 mg moxidectin and praziquantel 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight (double therapeutic dose); the second group — moxidectin 1.0 mg and praziquantel 25 mg per 1 kg of body weight (five-fold therapeutic dose); the third group served as controls — the drug was not used. During the experiment, animals were monitored daily, their general health status, behavior, appetite were observed, weight and body temperature controlled. Before and 15 and 30 days after the beginning of the drug taking, several morphological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine were investigated. The study of the anthelmintic efficacy of the drug was carried out on the basis of veterinary clinics in Moscow and Moscow region. Altogether 205 cats and 209 dogs spontaneously infected were chosen for the experiment. The diagnosis and the drug efficacy were confirmed based on the clinical picture and on Fulleborn’s method used for detection of helminth eggs in animal’s feces followed by differentiation. Results and discussion: During the study on the drug tolerance it was found that the general status, mass and the body temperature of animals from experimental groups did not significantly differ from controls. Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine in all animals from experimental and control groups did not differ significantly and were within the physiological norm before and after treatment. Thus, the research allows to conclude that the drug applied within 7 days at double and fivefold therapeutic doses has no adverse effect on dogs, puppies, cats and kittens. Most sick animals used in the experiment on the effectiveness of the drug, were emaciated, listless, their fur was ruffled, mucous membranes were pale; they suffered from anal itching, diarrhea and fecal retention. The drug was given after diagnosis; many dogs and cats ate it themselves, and other had no problems with eating pills due to their small size and pleasant taste. When applying the drug and throughout the experiment, no side effects and complications were observed in all animals. 10 and 20 days after giving the drug, its efficacy in the treatment of nematodosis and cestodosis of adult dogs cats as well as kittens and puppies was 100%.

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