scholarly journals Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 150340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi López-Torres ◽  
Michael A. Schillaci ◽  
Mary T. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Ancestral Sequences ◽  
Dental Eruption ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fossil Primate

Darwinius is an adapoid primate from the Eocene of Germany, and its only known specimen represents the most complete fossil primate ever found. Its describers hypothesized a close relationship to Anthropoidea, and using a Saimiri model estimated its age at death. This study reconstructs the ancestral permanent dental eruption sequences for basal Euprimates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, and stem and crown Strepsirrhini. The results show that the ancestral sequences for the basal euprimate, haplorhine and stem strepsirrhine are identical, and similar to that of Darwinius . However, Darwinius differs from anthropoids by exhibiting early development of the lower third molars relative to the lower third and fourth premolars. The eruption of the lower second premolar marks the point of interruption of the sequence in Darwinius . The anthropoid Saimiri as a model is therefore problematic because it exhibits a delayed eruption of P 2 . Here, an alternative strepsirrhine model based on Eulemur and Varecia is presented. Our proposed model shows an older age at death than previously suggested (1.05–1.14 years), while the range for adult weight is entirely below the range proposed previously. This alternative model is more consistent with hypotheses supporting a stronger relationship between adapoids and strepsirrhines.

INTER AKSI AGAMA DAN BUDAYA

EMPIRISMA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arif Dan Yuli Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor

This paper will try to explain the relationship between religion and culture. These two topics are the most important items that are inseparable in the history of human civilization from the classical to the modern period. Religion is ahuman belief system that is related to God. If the rule comes from God, then it cannot be said to be a culture, because it is not human creation, but God’s creation that is absolute. Religion is interpreted as part of the life (culture) ofindividuals or groups, each of which has the authority to understand religion and apply it. With the characteristics as indicated by Fazlur Rahman, wherever religion is located, it is hoped that it can provide guidance on values or moralsfor all activities of human life, whether social, cultural, economic or political. Not infrequently also religion becomes a determining factor in the adhesive process of social cultural interaction of the community as well as unifying thenation. Culture and religion are something different but can influence each other so that new cultures or mixing of cultures emerge. The opinion of Endang Saifudin Anshari who said in his writing that religion and culture do notinclude each other, in principle one is not part of the other and each consists of itself. Between them, of course, they are closely related like us, we see in everyday life and human life. As also seen in the close relationship between husband and wife who can give birth to a son but the husband is not part of the wife, and vice versa. Religion and culture are two different things but cannot be separated. The existence of a religion will be greatly influenced and affect thepractice of a religion in question. And conversely, a culture will be greatly influenced by the beliefs of the society in which culture develops. Therefore religion is not only an individual problem but religion is also a social affair whichultimately religious people are not only able to give birth to individual piety but also must be able to give birth to social piety.Key words: Interaction, Religion, Culture,

scholarly journals Natural History of NAFLD

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Raluca Pais ◽  
Thomas Maurel
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The epidemiology and the current burden of chronic liver disease are changing globally, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming the most frequent cause of liver disease in close relationship with the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The clinical phenotypes of NAFLD are very heterogeneous in relationship with multiple pathways involved in the disease progression. In the absence of a specific treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is important to understand the natural history of the disease, to identify and to optimize the control of factors that are involved in disease progression. In this paper we propose a critical analysis of factors that are involved in the progression of the liver damage and the occurrence of extra-hepatic complications (cardiovascular diseases, extra hepatic cancer) in patients with NAFLD. We also briefly discuss the impact of the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype of NAFLD on the clinical practice globally and at the individual level.

scholarly journals Linking morphological and molecular sources to disentangle the case of Xylodon australis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-López ◽  
M. Teresa Telleria ◽  
Margarita Dueñas ◽  
Mara Laguna-Castro ◽  
Klaus Schliep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Species ◽  
R Package ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Historical Collections ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractThe use of different sources of evidence has been recommended in order to conduct species delimitation analyses to solve taxonomic issues. In this study, we use a maximum likelihood framework to combine morphological and molecular traits to study the case of Xylodon australis (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) using the locate.yeti function from the phytools R package. Xylodon australis has been considered a single species distributed across Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were conducted to unmask the actual diversity under X. australis as well as the kinship relations respect their relatives. To assess the taxonomic position of each clade, locate.yeti function was used to locate in a molecular phylogeny the X. australis type material for which no molecular data was available using morphological continuous traits. Two different species were distinguished under the X. australis name, one from Australia–New Zealand and other from Patagonia. In addition, a close relationship with Xylodon lenis, a species from the South East of Asia, was confirmed for the Patagonian clade. We discuss the implications of our results for the biogeographical history of this genus and we evaluate the potential of this method to be used with historical collections for which molecular data is not available.

scholarly journals Mesial Migration Effect on Root Morphology of Mandibular Third Molars

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Altuğ Bıçakçı ◽  
Oral Sökücü ◽  
Hasan Babacan ◽  
H. Hüseyin Köşger
Keyword(s):  
Third Molar ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Occlusal Plane ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Migration Effect ◽  
Mandibular Third Molar ◽  
Root Curvature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mandibular Third Molars

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between forward mandibular third molar migration and root curvature of the mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: The study is comprised of 64 patients who had a history of unilateral mandibular first molar extraction before 16 years of age with no other missing teeth or prosthetic restorations in the mandible. The extraction space was fully or partly closed. The mean remaining space was 1.1 ± 0.41 mm. The root angles for the mesial and distal roots of the mandibular third molars were measured on the panoramic radiographs by calculating the differences between the angle formed by the long axis drawn perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the crown of mandibular third molar and the central line of the lower one ninth of the root through the root apex. The differences between the extracted and nonextracted sides for mesial and distal roots were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results: Both mesial and distal roots were approximately 8° more vertical on the extraction sides than on the nonextraction sides. The differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Mesial tooth migration of mandibular third molars reduces the amount of root curvature developing on this tooth.

Virtue, Sanctity, and Charity of the Royal Women of Fez

Hawwa ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 314-338
Author(s):  
Bárbara Boloix-Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Additional Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Royal Women

Abstract The history of the Banū Marīn of the kingdom of Fez (seventh–ninth/thirteenth–fifteenth centuries) cannot and should not be reconstructed without a gender perspective which gives the women of this dynasty a place within its historic discourse. They played a key role in the political and religious legitimacy of the rulers, as reflected by the Banū Marīn historiography which, mirroring the idiosyncrasy of medieval Berber societies, afforded its women a visible space. However, as it was always subject to the clear interests of male political-religious legitimacy, this space for visibilisation is worthy of analysis. This study examines the different profoundly religious behaviour and capabilities which the chronicles assigned to different royal Merinid women, as related in the various anecdotes transmitted in their pages. Additional analysis is carried out on how these model characterisations aimed to increase the aura of spirituality of the amīrs, influenced by their close relationship and everyday contact with these women.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dental Eruption of Third Molars in the Length of Mandible

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto de Sousa Filho ◽  
Adelmar Afonso de Amorim Júnior ◽  
Carla Cabral dos Santos Accioly Lins ◽  
Joaquim Celestino da Silva Neto
Keyword(s):  
Third Molars ◽  
Dental Eruption

A new endemic family of New Zealand passerine birds: adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Driskell ◽  
Les Christidis ◽  
B. J. Gill ◽  
Walter E. Boles ◽  
F. Keith Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
New Family ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anthornis Melanura ◽  
Notiomystis Cincta

The results of phylogenetic analysis of two molecular datasets sampling all three endemic New Zealand ‘honeyeaters’ (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae, Anthornis melanura and Notiomystis cincta) are reported. The undisputed relatedness of the first two species to other honeyeaters (Meliphagidae), and a close relationship between them, are demonstrated. However, our results confirm that Notiomystis is not a honeyeater, but is instead most closely related to the Callaeidae (New Zealand wattlebirds) represented by Philesturnus carunculatus in our study. An estimated divergence time for Notiomystis and Philesturnus of 33.8 mya (Oligocene) suggests a very long evolutionary history of this clade in New Zealand. As a taxonomic interpretation of these data we place Notiomystis in a new family of its own which takes the name Notiomystidae. We expect this new phylogenetic and taxonomic information to assist policy decisions for the conservation of this rare bird.

Learning from failures: Design improvements using a multiple criteria decision-making process

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
G G Davidson ◽  
A W Labib
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
History Of

This paper proposes a new concept of decision analysis based on a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) process. This is achieved through the provision of a systematic and generic methodology for the implementation of design improvements based on experience of past failures. This is illustrated in the form of a case study identifying the changes made to Concorde after the 2000 accident. The proposed model uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) mathematical model as a backbone and integrates elements of a modified failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The AHP has proven to be an invaluable tool for decision support since it allows a fully documented and transparent decision to be made with full accountability. In addition, it facilitates the task of justifying improvement decisions. The paper is divided as follows: the first section presents an outline of the background to the Concorde accident and its history of related (non-catastrophic) malfunctions. The AHP methodology and its mathematical representation are then presented with the integrated FMEA applied to the Concorde accident. The case study arrives at the same conclusion as engineers working on Concorde after the accident: that the aircraft may fly again if the lining of the fuel tanks are modified.

scholarly journals SCIENCE IN HISTORY

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-242
Author(s):  
JAMES POSKETT
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
History Of Political Thought ◽  
Historiography Of Science ◽  
The Future ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglophone World

AbstractWhat is the history of science? How has it changed over the course of the twentieth century? And what does the future hold for the discipline? This ‘Retrospect’ provides an introduction to the historiography of science as it developed in the Anglophone world. It begins with the foundation of the Cambridge History of Science Committee in the 1940s and ends with the growth of cultural history in the 2000s. At the broadest level, it emphasizes the need to consider the close relationship between history and the history of science. All too often the historiography of science is treated separately from history at large. But as this essay shows, these seemingly distinct fields often developed in relation to one another. This essay also reveals the ways in which Cold War politics shaped the history of science as a discipline. It then concludes by considering the future, suggesting that the history of science and the history of political thought would benefit from greater engagement with one another.

scholarly journals Plans d’eau glaciaires et isostasie dans les bassins de la haute Ware et de la rivière Otter, Massachusetts (2e partie)

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (41) ◽  
pp. 251-264
Author(s):  
Gilbert Cestre
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Low Area ◽  
Proglacial Lakes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Connecticut Valley ◽  
The City ◽  
Detailed Work

The present study is one of the unpublished research projects which are known to have been conducted in New England and in Eastern Canada under the guidance of the late Richard J. LOUGEE, long-time professor of Geomorphology at Clark University. Over a number of years, this writer has worked in close relationship with Lougee and much evidence in the field was studied together. It is believed that here has been recorded a most detailed work of surveying, and this undoubtedly accounts for the somewhat exceptional results that will be presented. The area selected for this study (about 80% of it is woodland) is located in the highlands of Central Massachusetts in Worcester County, about twenty miles (32 kilo-meters) northwest of the city of Worcester. It consists of the valley of the Otter River draining north, and of a small portion of the East Branch of the Ware River draining south. Since completion of this study, parts of the low area which held the ancient glacial lakes have been flooded to become water reservoirs. That proglacial lakes, though temporary they may have been, once submerged much of the area under study, is shown by an abundance of deltas, kames, eskers and deltaic kames terraces. It is believed that all of these were built under water in such lakes. Other features, such as kettle-holes and glacial outlets, especially ice-marginal channels cut diagonally down the slope, have also been studied. By plotting on a profile of the most characteristic elevations (often carefully surveyed), it is possible to find the water planes of ancient proglacial lakes. To this must be added experiments conducted in a sedimentation tank as also measurements of both the imbrication of cobbles in eskers and the « smoothness indexes » of such stones and pebbles, using A. Cailleux' methods. Thus were obtained results which tend to show that : 1- the area under study probably was in a deep interlobate space created between the Connecticut Valley lobe to the west and the Boston Basin lobe to the east ; 2— ice-marginal channels are an indication of the existence of a thick, fast-retreating ice border ; 3- an isostatic balance restored itself by sometimes quick and strong adjustments of the crust of the earth ; 4— an early upwarping, made up of various zones of tilting articulated on hinge lines, has been referred to as Hubbard Uplift and is the earliest known in the post-Glacial history of New England.

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