scholarly journals Can differential nutrient extraction explain property variations in a predatory trap?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 140479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean J. Blamires ◽  
Dakota Piorkowski ◽  
Angela Chuang ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
Søren Toft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Selection ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Nutrient Extraction ◽  
The Web

Predators exhibit flexible foraging to facilitate taking prey that offer important nutrients. Because trap-building predators have limited control over the prey they encounter, differential nutrient extraction and trap architectural flexibility may be used as a means of prey selection. Here, we tested whether differential nutrient extraction induces flexibility in architecture and stickiness of a spider's web by feeding Nephila pilipes live crickets (CC), live flies (FF), dead crickets with the web stimulated by flies (CD) or dead flies with the web stimulated by crickets (FD). Spiders in the CD group consumed less protein per mass of lipid or carbohydrate, and spiders in the FF group consumed less carbohydrates per mass of protein. Spiders from the CD group built stickier webs that used less silk, whereas spiders in the FF group built webs with more radii, greater catching areas and more silk, compared with other treatments. Our results suggest that differential nutrient extraction is a likely explanation for prey-induced spider web architecture and stickiness variations.

scholarly journals Caught in the web: Spider web architecture affects prey specialization and spider-prey stoichiometric relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 6449-6462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Ludwig ◽  
Matthew A. Barbour ◽  
Jennifer Guevara ◽  
Leticia Avilés ◽  
Angélica L. González
Keyword(s):  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Prey Specialization ◽  
The Web

Understanding Semantic Web: a conceptual model

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 82-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Calaresu ◽  
Ali Shiri
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
The Web

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore and conceptualize the Semantic Web as a term that has been widely mentioned in the literature of library and information science. More specifically, its aim is to shed light on the evolution of the Web and to highlight a previously proposed means of attempting to improve automated manipulation of Web-based data in the context of a rapidly expanding base of both users and digital content. Design/methodology/approach – The conceptual analysis presented in this paper adopts a three-dimensional model for the discussion of Semantic Web. The first dimension focuses on Semantic Web’s basic nature, purpose and history, as well as the current state and limitations of modern search systems and related software agents. The second dimension focuses on critical knowledge structures such as taxonomies, thesauri and ontologies which are understood as fundamental elements in the creation of a Semantic Web architecture. In the third dimension, an alternative conceptual model is proposed, one, which unlike more commonly prevalent Semantic Web models, offers a greater emphasis on describing the proposed structure from an interpretive viewpoint, rather than a technical one. This paper adopts an interpretive, historical and conceptual approach to the notion of the Semantic Web by reviewing the literature and by analyzing the developments associated with the Web over the past three decades. It proposes a simplified conceptual model for easy understanding. Findings – The paper provides a conceptual model of the Semantic Web that encompasses four key strata, namely, the body of human users, the body of software applications facilitating creation and consumption of documents, the body of documents themselves and a proposed layer that would improve automated manipulation of Web-based data by the software applications. Research limitations/implications – This paper will facilitate a better conceptual understanding of the Semantic Web, and thereby contribute, in a small way, to the larger body of discourse surrounding it. The conceptual model will provide a reference point for education and research purposes. Originality/value – This paper provides an original analysis of both conceptual and technical aspects of Semantic Web. The proposed conceptual model provides a new perspective on this subject.

Political Drift and Forum Shifts

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-101
Author(s):  
Alison Harcourt ◽  
George Christou ◽  
Seamus Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Copyright Protection ◽  
Working Group ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
The World ◽  
Hypertext Markup Language ◽  
The Web

This chapter explains one of the most important components of the web: the development and standardization of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and DOM (Document Object Model) which are used for creating web pages and applications. In 1994, Tim Berners-Lee established the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) to work on HTML development. In 1995, the W3C decided to introduce a new standard, WHTML 2.0. However, it was incompatible with the older HTML/WHTML versions. This led to the establishment of Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) which worked externally to the W3C. WHATWG developed HTML5 which was adopted by the major browser developers Google, Opera, Mozilla, IBM, Microsoft, and Apple. For this reason, the W3C decided to work on HTML5, leading to a joint WHATWG/W3C working group. This chapter explains the development of HTML and WHATWG’s Living Standard with explanation of ongoing splits and agreements between the two fora. It explains how this division of labour led to W3C focus on the main areas of web architecture, the semantic web, the web of devices, payments applications, and web and television (TV) standards. This has led to the spillover of work to the W3C from the national sphere, notably in the development of copyright protection for TV streaming.

scholarly journals In situ three-dimensional spider web construction and mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2101296118
Author(s):  
Isabelle Su ◽  
Neosha Narayanan ◽  
Marcos A. Logrono ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Ally Bisshop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Geometry ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Web

Spiders are nature’s engineers that build lightweight and high-performance web architectures often several times their size and with very few supports; however, little is known about web mechanics and geometries throughout construction, especially for three-dimensional (3D) spider webs. In this work, we investigate the structure and mechanics for a Tidarren sisyphoides spider web at varying stages of construction. This is accomplished by imaging, modeling, and simulations throughout the web-building process to capture changes in the natural web geometry and the mechanical properties. We show that the foundation of the web geometry, strength, and functionality is created during the first 2 d of construction, after which the spider reinforces the existing network with limited expansion of the structure within the frame. A better understanding of the biological and mechanical performance of the 3D spider web under construction could inspire sustainable robust and resilient fiber networks, complex materials, structures, scaffolding, and self-assembly strategies for hierarchical structures and inspire additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing as well as inspire artistic and architectural and engineering applications.

scholarly journals WoTPubSub: A Web of Things Middleware with Publish Subscribe Functionality for Enabling Lightweight and Efficient Standard Web Access on Constrained Device

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200
Keyword(s):  
Performance Testing ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Web Of Things ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Web Access ◽  
Efficient Machine ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Web Platform ◽  
The Web

The web platform can be seen as an auspicious candidate to provide an interoperability layer in an IoT based system with various kind of device specification and client platform leading to the transformation from IoT to WoT (Web of Things). In order to implement web platform on IoT world, we require a web compatible middleware yet still maintaining lightweight and efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. In this paper we propose the web of things (WoT) middleware with publish subscribe functionality or WoTPubSub. As opposed to the existing solution, this middleware offers the utilization of lightweight MQTT protocol to perform a communication with constrained device while still maintaining the compatibility with existing web architecture. The proposed system consists of three actors: the user as Restful HTTP client, the sensing-actuating constrained device as both MQTT publisher-subscriber and the proposed middleware acting as communication bridge which translates user's HTTP request into MQTT publish-subscribe action. We consider two data flow scenarios in the proposed middleware: user obtaining data from sensing device and user giving a command to actuating device. From functional and performance testing, we conclude that the proposed middleware has been able to provide a web compatible intermediary functionality between user and sensing-actuating constrained device with improved performance compared to the existing approaches.

Identification, Specification, and Development of Web-Oriented Architectures

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Thies ◽  
Gottfried Vossen
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Systems ◽  
Service Oriented Architectures ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Specific Technology ◽  
The Web

Web-oriented Architectures (WOAs) provide a way of designing an IT system by using a variety of Web Procedures, i.e., procedures (or services) called over the Web. The idea of (typically atomic) components that are black boxes, have interfaces, and can be assembled into a larger process is fundamental and has existed since the early days of distributed systems. Two particular types of modern distributed systems are Service-oriented Architectures and Resource-oriented Architectures, which are built on specific technology stacks and define their own concepts. A WOA uses the best of both worlds plus specifics like Web APIs to build an interconnected IT system in the easiest way possible. In this article, the authors introduce the concept behind a WOA, the topology of a WOA, and possible integration scenarios within an enterprise. More importantly, the authors discuss what a methodology for building a WOA can look like and how control can be achieved, by using a logical software element called the Web Architecture Controller, which specifies the Web-centric core elements of a WOA. Lastly, the cost of implementing and running such a system is briefly addressed.

In Defense of Ambiguity Redux

2010 ◽  
pp. 102-122
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Hayes ◽  
Harry Halpin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Identification Scheme ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
The Web

URIs, a universal identification scheme, are different from human names insofar as they can provide the ability to reliably access the thing identified. URIs also can function to reference a non-accessible thing in a similar manner to how names function in natural language. There are two distinctly different relationships between names and things: access and reference. To confuse the two relations leads to underlying problems with Web architecture. Reference is by nature ambiguous in any language. So any attempts by Web architecture to make reference completely unambiguous will fail on the Web. Despite popular belief otherwise, making further ontological distinctions often leads to more ambiguity, not less. Contrary to appeals to Kripke for some sort of eternal and unique identification, reference on the Web uses descriptions and therefore there is no unambiguous resolution of reference. On the Web, what is needed is not just a simple redirection, but a uniform and logically consistent manner of associating descriptions with URIs that can be done in a number of practical ways that should be made consistent.

A Semantic Sensor Web Architecture in the Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-97
Author(s):  
Eliot Bytyçi ◽  
Besmir Sejdiu ◽  
Arten Avdiu ◽  
Lule Ahmedi
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Hidden Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Sensor Web ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Web

The Internet of Things (IoT) vision is connecting uniquely identifiable devices to the internet, best described through ontologies. Furthermore, new emerging technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) are recognized as essential enabling component of the IoT today. Hence, the interest is to provide linked sensor data through the web either following the semantic web enablement (SWE) standard or the linked data approach. Likewise, a need exists to explore those data for potential hidden knowledge through data mining techniques utilized by a domain ontology. Following that rationale, a new lightweight IoT architecture has been developed. It supports linking sensors, other devices and people via a single web by mean of a device-person-activity (DPA) ontology. The architecture is validated by mean of three rich-in-semantic services: contextual data mining over WSN, semantic WSN web enablement, and linked WSN data. The architecture could be easily extensible to capture semantics of input sensor data from other domains as well.

The Web of Data and the Tourism Industry

2011 ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Berrueta ◽  
Antonio Campos ◽  
Emilio Rubiera ◽  
Carlos Tejo ◽  
José E. Labra
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Web Of Data ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Evolutionary Step ◽  
Full Benefit ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
The Web

The web of data is a new evolutionary step of the web that involves the publication, interchange and consumption of meaningful, raw data by taking full benefit of the web architecture. All the parties involved in the tourism industry should consider the opportunities offered by this new web. Entry barriers are low because existing data sources and documents can be easily leveraged to be part of this extended web. At the same time, new services and platforms that exploit the data are beginning to show the large potential for increased technological and business opportunities. A new scenario of large-scale information availability and efficient data flows is discussed in this chapter.

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