scholarly journals Caught in the web: Spider web architecture affects prey specialization and spider-prey stoichiometric relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 6449-6462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Ludwig ◽  
Matthew A. Barbour ◽  
Jennifer Guevara ◽  
Leticia Avilés ◽  
Angélica L. González
Keyword(s):  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Prey Specialization ◽  
The Web

scholarly journals Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) Örümceğinin Ağ Yapısı ve Örü Aygıtının Morfolojisi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-583
Author(s):  
İlkay Çorak Öcal ◽  
Nazife Yiğit Kayhan ◽  
Ümmügülsüm Hanife Aktaş
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Spider Silk ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Web Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
The Web ◽  
Scanning Electron

Spiders are one of the groups that best adapted to terrestrial life among in invertebrates and are represented by approximately 48,000 species in the world. Although all spiders do not weave webs, the webs of spiders are literally a work of art. The main reason for spider web weaving is hunting. Some spider species live in the nature dependent on the own web, while others continue to live without being dependent on the own web. Although basic taxonomic features generally remain unchanged, some spider-silk weaving apparatus may undergo adaptive variations. In this study, the web structure of the weaving web spider, Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) and the structural organization of the web weaving apparatus was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The web structure of A. bruennichi, spinnerets especially posterior spinneret and arrangement of its spigots are shown and discussed in the light of the literature.

scholarly journals Can differential nutrient extraction explain property variations in a predatory trap?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 140479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean J. Blamires ◽  
Dakota Piorkowski ◽  
Angela Chuang ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
Søren Toft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Selection ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Nutrient Extraction ◽  
The Web

Predators exhibit flexible foraging to facilitate taking prey that offer important nutrients. Because trap-building predators have limited control over the prey they encounter, differential nutrient extraction and trap architectural flexibility may be used as a means of prey selection. Here, we tested whether differential nutrient extraction induces flexibility in architecture and stickiness of a spider's web by feeding Nephila pilipes live crickets (CC), live flies (FF), dead crickets with the web stimulated by flies (CD) or dead flies with the web stimulated by crickets (FD). Spiders in the CD group consumed less protein per mass of lipid or carbohydrate, and spiders in the FF group consumed less carbohydrates per mass of protein. Spiders from the CD group built stickier webs that used less silk, whereas spiders in the FF group built webs with more radii, greater catching areas and more silk, compared with other treatments. Our results suggest that differential nutrient extraction is a likely explanation for prey-induced spider web architecture and stickiness variations.

Understanding Semantic Web: a conceptual model

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 82-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Calaresu ◽  
Ali Shiri
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
The Web

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore and conceptualize the Semantic Web as a term that has been widely mentioned in the literature of library and information science. More specifically, its aim is to shed light on the evolution of the Web and to highlight a previously proposed means of attempting to improve automated manipulation of Web-based data in the context of a rapidly expanding base of both users and digital content. Design/methodology/approach – The conceptual analysis presented in this paper adopts a three-dimensional model for the discussion of Semantic Web. The first dimension focuses on Semantic Web’s basic nature, purpose and history, as well as the current state and limitations of modern search systems and related software agents. The second dimension focuses on critical knowledge structures such as taxonomies, thesauri and ontologies which are understood as fundamental elements in the creation of a Semantic Web architecture. In the third dimension, an alternative conceptual model is proposed, one, which unlike more commonly prevalent Semantic Web models, offers a greater emphasis on describing the proposed structure from an interpretive viewpoint, rather than a technical one. This paper adopts an interpretive, historical and conceptual approach to the notion of the Semantic Web by reviewing the literature and by analyzing the developments associated with the Web over the past three decades. It proposes a simplified conceptual model for easy understanding. Findings – The paper provides a conceptual model of the Semantic Web that encompasses four key strata, namely, the body of human users, the body of software applications facilitating creation and consumption of documents, the body of documents themselves and a proposed layer that would improve automated manipulation of Web-based data by the software applications. Research limitations/implications – This paper will facilitate a better conceptual understanding of the Semantic Web, and thereby contribute, in a small way, to the larger body of discourse surrounding it. The conceptual model will provide a reference point for education and research purposes. Originality/value – This paper provides an original analysis of both conceptual and technical aspects of Semantic Web. The proposed conceptual model provides a new perspective on this subject.

Political Drift and Forum Shifts

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-101
Author(s):  
Alison Harcourt ◽  
George Christou ◽  
Seamus Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Copyright Protection ◽  
Working Group ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
The World ◽  
Hypertext Markup Language ◽  
The Web

This chapter explains one of the most important components of the web: the development and standardization of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and DOM (Document Object Model) which are used for creating web pages and applications. In 1994, Tim Berners-Lee established the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) to work on HTML development. In 1995, the W3C decided to introduce a new standard, WHTML 2.0. However, it was incompatible with the older HTML/WHTML versions. This led to the establishment of Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) which worked externally to the W3C. WHATWG developed HTML5 which was adopted by the major browser developers Google, Opera, Mozilla, IBM, Microsoft, and Apple. For this reason, the W3C decided to work on HTML5, leading to a joint WHATWG/W3C working group. This chapter explains the development of HTML and WHATWG’s Living Standard with explanation of ongoing splits and agreements between the two fora. It explains how this division of labour led to W3C focus on the main areas of web architecture, the semantic web, the web of devices, payments applications, and web and television (TV) standards. This has led to the spillover of work to the W3C from the national sphere, notably in the development of copyright protection for TV streaming.

A natural history of web decorations in the St Andrew's Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Rao ◽  
Ken Cheng ◽  
Marie E. Herberstein
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
History Data ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Exact Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Argiope Keyserlingi ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
The Web

A long-running debate in the spider literature concerns the function of the extra silk decorations in some spider webs. These decorations are appended to the web and constitute a highly visible signal, which is inconsistent with the trend towards web invisibility. Despite the sustained attention of researchers, the exact function of these decorations is yet to be understood. While most studies have focussed on testing particular hypotheses, there has been a dearth of natural history data regarding web decorations in field conditions. In this study we present baseline data regarding the influence of seasonality, microhabitat characteristics and ecology on the presence of web decorations in an Australian orb web spider, Argiope keyserlingi. In particular, we show that there is preference among spiders to build their webs between bushes and to face the south-east, but this preference does not influence decoration building.

scholarly journals High-performance spider webs: integrating biomechanics, ecology and behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (57) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. T. Harmer ◽  
Todd A. Blackledge ◽  
Joshua S. Madin ◽  
Marie E. Herberstein
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Spider Silks

Spider silks exhibit remarkable properties, surpassing most natural and synthetic materials in both strength and toughness. Orb-web spider dragline silk is the focus of intense research by material scientists attempting to mimic these naturally produced fibres. However, biomechanical research on spider silks is often removed from the context of web ecology and spider foraging behaviour. Similarly, evolutionary and ecological research on spiders rarely considers the significance of silk properties. Here, we highlight the critical need to integrate biomechanical and ecological perspectives on spider silks to generate a better understanding of (i) how silk biomechanics and web architectures interacted to influence spider web evolution along different structural pathways, and (ii) how silks function in an ecological context, which may identify novel silk applications. An integrative, mechanistic approach to understanding silk and web function, as well as the selective pressures driving their evolution, will help uncover the potential impacts of environmental change and species invasions (of both spiders and prey) on spider success. Integrating these fields will also allow us to take advantage of the remarkable properties of spider silks, expanding the range of possible silk applications from single threads to two- and three-dimensional thread networks.

scholarly journals Unpicking the signal thread of the sector web spider Zygiella x-notata

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (113) ◽  
pp. 20150633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Mortimer ◽  
Chris Holland ◽  
James F. C. Windmill ◽  
Fritz Vollrath
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
Thread Structure ◽  
The Web

Remote sensing allows an animal to extend its morphology with appropriate conductive materials and sensors providing environmental feedback from spatially removed locations. For example, the sector web spider Zygiella x-notata uses a specialized thread as both a structural bridge and signal transmitter to monitor web vibrations from its retreat at the web perimeter. To unravel this model multifunctional system, we investigated Zygiella 's signal thread structure with a range of techniques, including tensile testing, laser vibrometry, electron microscopy and behavioural analysis. We found that signal threads varied significantly in the number of filaments; a result of the spider adding a lifeline each time it runs along the bridge. Our mechanical property analysis suggests that while the structure varies, its normalized load does not. We propose that the signal thread represents a complex and fully integrated multifunctional structure where filaments can be added, thus increasing absolute load-bearing capacity while maintaining signal fidelity. We conclude that such structures may serve as inspiration for remote sensing design strategies.

scholarly journals In situ three-dimensional spider web construction and mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2101296118
Author(s):  
Isabelle Su ◽  
Neosha Narayanan ◽  
Marcos A. Logrono ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Ally Bisshop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Web Geometry ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Web

Spiders are nature’s engineers that build lightweight and high-performance web architectures often several times their size and with very few supports; however, little is known about web mechanics and geometries throughout construction, especially for three-dimensional (3D) spider webs. In this work, we investigate the structure and mechanics for a Tidarren sisyphoides spider web at varying stages of construction. This is accomplished by imaging, modeling, and simulations throughout the web-building process to capture changes in the natural web geometry and the mechanical properties. We show that the foundation of the web geometry, strength, and functionality is created during the first 2 d of construction, after which the spider reinforces the existing network with limited expansion of the structure within the frame. A better understanding of the biological and mechanical performance of the 3D spider web under construction could inspire sustainable robust and resilient fiber networks, complex materials, structures, scaffolding, and self-assembly strategies for hierarchical structures and inspire additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing as well as inspire artistic and architectural and engineering applications.

scholarly journals WoTPubSub: A Web of Things Middleware with Publish Subscribe Functionality for Enabling Lightweight and Efficient Standard Web Access on Constrained Device

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200
Keyword(s):  
Performance Testing ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Web Of Things ◽  
Web Architecture ◽  
Web Access ◽  
Efficient Machine ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Web Platform ◽  
The Web

The web platform can be seen as an auspicious candidate to provide an interoperability layer in an IoT based system with various kind of device specification and client platform leading to the transformation from IoT to WoT (Web of Things). In order to implement web platform on IoT world, we require a web compatible middleware yet still maintaining lightweight and efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. In this paper we propose the web of things (WoT) middleware with publish subscribe functionality or WoTPubSub. As opposed to the existing solution, this middleware offers the utilization of lightweight MQTT protocol to perform a communication with constrained device while still maintaining the compatibility with existing web architecture. The proposed system consists of three actors: the user as Restful HTTP client, the sensing-actuating constrained device as both MQTT publisher-subscriber and the proposed middleware acting as communication bridge which translates user's HTTP request into MQTT publish-subscribe action. We consider two data flow scenarios in the proposed middleware: user obtaining data from sensing device and user giving a command to actuating device. From functional and performance testing, we conclude that the proposed middleware has been able to provide a web compatible intermediary functionality between user and sensing-actuating constrained device with improved performance compared to the existing approaches.

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