Detecting past changes in vegetation resilience in the context of a changing climate

W. John Calder; Bryan Shuman

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0768

Detecting past changes in vegetation resilience in the context of a changing climate

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2018.0768 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 20180768 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. John Calder ◽

Bryan Shuman

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Fossil Record ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Vegetation History ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Ecological Change ◽

Return To Equilibrium ◽

History Record ◽

Time Required

Anthropogenic climate change is continuously altering ecological responses to disturbance and must be accounted for when examining ecological resilience. One way to measure resilience in ecological datasets is by considering the amount and duration of change from a baseline created by perturbations, such as disturbances like wildfire. Recovery occurs when ecological conditions return to equilibrium, meaning that no subsequent changes can be attributed to the effects of the disturbance, but climate change often causes the recovered state to differ from the previous baseline. The palaeoecological record provides an opportunity to examine these expectations because palaeoclimates changed continuously; few periods existed when environmental conditions were stationary. Here we demonstrate a framework for examining resilience in palaeoecological records against the backdrop of a non-stationary climate by considering resilience as two components of (i) resistance (magnitude of change) and (ii) recovery (time required to return) to predicted equilibrium values. Measuring these components of resilience in palaeoecological records requires high-resolution fossil (e.g. pollen) records, local palaeoclimate reconstructions, a model to predict ecological change in response to climate change, and disturbance records measured at the same spatial scale as the ecological (e.g. vegetation history) record. Resistance following disturbance is measured as the deviation of the fossil record from the ecological state predicted by the palaeoclimate records, and recovery time is measured as the time required for the fossil record to return to predicted values. We show that some cases may involve nearly persistent equilibrium despite large climate changes, but that others can involve a shift to a new state without any complete recovery.

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Recovery time from supplementary motor area syndrome: relationship to postoperative day 7 paralysis and damage of the cingulum

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2018.10.jns182391 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 132 (3) ◽

pp. 865-874 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Riho Nakajima ◽

Masashi Kinoshita ◽

Tetsutaro Yahata ◽

Mitsutoshi Nakada

Keyword(s):

Recovery Time ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Motor Area ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Sma Syndrome ◽

Short Period ◽

Time Required ◽

Sma Resection

OBJECTIVESupplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome is defined as temporary paralysis after the resection of brain tumor localized in the SMA. Although in most cases paralysis induced by SMA resection resolves within a short period, the time until complete recovery varies and has not been precisely analyzed to date. In this study, the authors investigated factors for predicting the time required for recovery from paralysis after SMA resection.METHODSData from 20 cases were analyzed. All 20 patients (mean age 54.9 ± 12.6 years) had undergone resection of frontal lobe glioma involving the SMA. The severity of postoperative paralysis was recorded until complete recovery using the Brunnstrom recovery stage index. To investigate factors associated with recovery time, the authors performed multivariate analysis with the following potentially explanatory variables: age, severity of paralysis after the surgery, resected volume of the SMA, and probability of disconnection of fibers running through or near the SMA. Moreover, voxel-based lesion symptom analysis was performed to clarify the resected regions related to prolonged recovery.RESULTSIn most cases of severe to moderate paralysis, there was substantial improvement within the 1st postoperative week, but 2–9 weeks were required for complete recovery. Significantly delayed recovery from paralysis was associated with resection of the cingulate cortex and its deep regions. The factors found to influence recovery time from paralysis were stage of paralysis at postoperative day 7 and disconnection probability of the cingulum (adjusted R2 = 0.63, p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSRecovery time from paralysis due to SMA syndrome can be predicted by the severity of paralysis at postoperative day 7 and degree of damage to the cingulum.

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THE FOSSIL RECORD AND AVIAN INTERCONTINENTAL DISPERSALS DURING PERIODS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CENOZOIC

10.1130/abs/2017am-297220 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas A. Stidham ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Fossil Record

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Reduced resilience of terrestrial ecosystems locally is not reflected on a global scale

Communications Earth & Environment ◽

10.1038/s43247-021-00163-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuhao Feng ◽

Haojie Su ◽

Zhiyao Tang ◽

Shaopeng Wang ◽

Xia Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Global Climate ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Global Scale ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Terrestrial Vegetation ◽

Ecosystem Resilience

AbstractGlobal climate change likely alters the structure and function of vegetation and the stability of terrestrial ecosystems. It is therefore important to assess the factors controlling ecosystem resilience from local to global scales. Here we assess terrestrial vegetation resilience over the past 35 years using early warning indicators calculated from normalized difference vegetation index data. On a local scale we find that climate change reduced the resilience of ecosystems in 64.5% of the global terrestrial vegetated area. Temperature had a greater influence on vegetation resilience than precipitation, while climate mean state had a greater influence than climate variability. However, there is no evidence for decreased ecological resilience on larger scales. Instead, climate warming increased spatial asynchrony of vegetation which buffered the global-scale impacts on resilience. We suggest that the response of terrestrial ecosystem resilience to global climate change is scale-dependent and influenced by spatial asynchrony on the global scale.

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Water markets and social–ecological resilience to water stress in the context of climate change: an analysis of the Limarí Basin, Chile

Environment Development and Sustainability ◽

10.1007/s10668-018-0271-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1929-1951 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anahí Urquiza ◽

Marco Billi

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Stress ◽

Water Markets ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Social Ecological

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Time and ecological resilience: can diurnal animals compensate for climate change by shifting to nocturnal activity?

Ecological Monographs ◽

10.1002/ecm.1334 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. e01334 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ofir Levy ◽

Tamar Dayan ◽

Warren P. Porter ◽

Noga Kronfeld-Schor

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Nocturnal Activity

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Climate change is a major stressor causing poor pregnancy outcomes and child development

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.27157.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 1222

Author(s):

David M. Olson ◽

Gerlinde A.S. Metz

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Mental Health ◽

At Risk ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Allostatic Load ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Climate Crisis

The climate crisis is the existential threat of our times and for generations to come. This is no longer a threat but a reality affecting us, our children, and the generations that follow. Pregnant mothers, their fetuses, and their children are among those at greatest risk in every population and every jurisdiction. A timely consideration is the health of racialized groups who are particularly vulnerable owing to the confluence of several risk factors that are compounded by climate change. Included among these are Indigenous communities that are the most directly threatened by climate change. This review discusses the main health challenges faced by mothers, fathers, and their children during the climate crisis, focusing on mental health as a causal factor. Exploration of this topic includes the role of prenatal maternal and paternal stresses, allostatic load, and the effect of degradation of the environment and ecosystems on individuals. These will be examined in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes and altered developmental trajectories of children. The climate crisis is a health threat multiplier that amplifies the health inequities of the most at-risk populations and individuals. It accelerates the increase in allostatic load of those at risk. The path of tragedy begins with an accumulating allostatic load that overwhelms both individual and socio-ecological resilience. This can lead to worse mental health including depression and anxiety and, in the case of pregnant women and their children, more adverse pregnancy outcomes and impaired developmental trajectories for their newborn children. We argue that there is an urgent need to develop new (or re-discover or re-purpose existing) tools that will predict communities and individuals who are experiencing the highest levels of climate-related hazards and intervene to reduce stress and increase resilience in pre-conceptual women and men, pregnant and post-partum women, and their young children.

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The application of resilience concepts in palaeoecology

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/0959683618777077 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (9) ◽

pp. 1523-1534 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Althea L Davies ◽

Richard Streeter ◽

Ian T Lawson ◽

Katherine H Roucoux ◽

William Hiles

Keyword(s):

Spatial Scales ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Ecological Change ◽

Temporal Behaviour ◽

Ecological Literature ◽

Ecosystem Drivers ◽

Further Development ◽

Fundamental Limitation

The concept of resilience has become increasingly important in ecological and socio-ecological literature. With its focus on the temporal behaviour of ecosystems, palaeoecology has an important role to play in developing a scientific understanding of ecological resilience. We provide a critical review of the ways in which resilience is being addressed by palaeoecologists. We review ~180 papers, identifying the definitions or conceptualisations of ‘resilience’ that they use, and analysing the ways in which palaeoecology is contributing to our understanding of ecological resilience. We identify three key areas for further development. First, the term ‘resilience’ is frequently defined too broadly to be meaningful without further qualification. In particular, palaeoecologists need to distinguish between ‘press’ vs ‘pulse’ disturbances, and ‘ecological’ vs ‘engineering’ resilience. Palaeoecologists are well placed to critically assess the extent to which these dichotomies apply in real (rather than theoretical) ecosystems, where climate and other environmental parameters are constantly changing. Second, defining a formal ‘response model’ – a statement of the anticipated relationships between proxies, disturbances and resilience properties – can help to clarify arguments, especially inferred causal links, since the difficulty of proving causation is a fundamental limitation of palaeoecology for understanding ecosystem drivers and responses. Third, there is a need for critical analysis of the role of scale in ecosystem resilience. Different palaeoenvironmental proxies are differently able to address the various temporal and spatial scales of ecological change, and these limitations, as well as methodological constraints on inherently noisy proxy data, need to be explored and addressed.

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Interactionist Tools for Assessing Community Resilience

The Oxford Handbook of Symbolic Interaction ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190082161.013.23 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Braden Leap

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Symbolic Interaction ◽

Ecological Resilience ◽

Resilience Theory ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Approaches To Studying ◽

Human Interactions ◽

Economic Downturns ◽

Policies And Programs

This chapter contends that classic and contemporary research by symbolic interactionists, and those in closely related theoretical traditions, can provide an effective toolkit for enriching assessments of how resilience unfolds in practice. This is especially important if we hope to develop and implement policies and programs that have a greater potential for enhancing communities' abilities to effectively respond to socio-ecological disruptions. The chapter discusses resilience theory before addressing how interactionist work on institutions as well as interactions between humans and nonhumans—what can be referred to as (non)human interactions—can enrich considerations of resilience. Socio-ecological resilience theory has increasingly been utilized by scholars, development officials, and policy makers to assess whether and how communities can be sustained in response to disruptions related to a range of socio-ecological processes such as floods, epidemics, climate change, and economic downturns. Paralleling others who advocate employing multiple theoretical traditions to better assess the intricate complexities of resilience, instead of arguing that symbolic interaction should supplant other approaches to studying resilience, the chapter emphasizes that symbolic interactionism can complement and extend existing research on resilience.

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