scholarly journals Sea turtle symbiosis facilitates social monogamy in oceanic crabs via refuge size

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 20160607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Pfaller ◽  
Michael A. Gil
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Social Monogamy ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽  
Resource Monopolization

The capacity for resource monopolization by individuals often dictates the size and composition of animal groups, and ultimately, the adoption of mating strategies. For refuge-dwelling animals, the ability (or inability) of individuals to monopolize refuges should depend on the relative size of the refuge. In theory, groups should be larger and more inclusive when refuges are large, and smaller and more exclusive when refuges are small, regardless of refuge type. We test this prediction by comparing the size and composition of groups of oceanic crabs ( Planes minutus ) living on plastic flotsam and loggerhead sea turtles. We found that (i) surface area of refuges (barnacle colonies on flotsam and supracaudal space on turtles) is a better predictor of crab number than total surface area and (ii) flotsam and turtles with similar refuge surface area host a similar number (1–2) and composition (adult male–female pairs) of crabs. These results indicate that group size and composition of refuge-dwelling animals are modulated by refuge size and the capacity for refuge monopolization. Moreover, these results suggest that sea turtle symbiosis facilitates social monogamy in oceanic crabs, providing insights into how symbiosis can promote specific mating strategies.

scholarly journals A Facile One-Pot Approach to the Synthesis of Gd-Eu Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and Applications to Sensing of Fe3+ and Cr2O72− Ions

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1679
Author(s):  
Roberta Puglisi ◽  
Anna L. Pellegrino ◽  
Roberto Fiorenza ◽  
Salvatore Scirè ◽  
Graziella Malandrino
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Gadolinium metal-organic frameworks (Gd-MOFs) and Eu-doped Gd-MOFs have been synthesized through a one-pot green approach using commercially available reagents. The 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2-BDC) and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2-NDC) were chosen as ditopic organic linkers to build the 3D structure of the network. The Gd-MOFs were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The Gd-MOF structures were attributed comparing the XRD patterns, supported by the FT-IR spectra, with data reported in the literature for Ln-MOFs of similar lanthanide ionic radius. FE-SEM characterization points to the effect of the duration of the synthesis to a more crystalline and organized structure, with grain dimensions increasing upon increasing reaction time. The total surface area of the MOFs has been determined from the application of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The study allowed us to correlate the processing conditions and ditopic linker dimension to the network surface area. Both Gd-MOF and Eu-doped Gd-MOF have been tested for sensing of the inorganic ions such as Fe3+ and Cr2O72−.

NSAM-derived total surface area versus SMPS-derived “mobility equivalent” surface area for different environmentally relevant aerosols

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megat-Azman Mokhtar ◽  
Rohan Jayaratne ◽  
Lidia Morawska ◽  
Mandana Mazaheri ◽  
Nic Surawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area

scholarly journals Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected Fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Maciak ◽  
Alina Kostelecka-Myrcha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Erythrocyte Surface ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Counter Current

Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected FishThere is a large diversity of red blood indices determining oxygen transport ability in vertebrates. In fish this diversity is particularly large, probably due to the great variability in water environments, which impedes the possibility of finding and understanding general patterns. It has been assumed that in mammals, the measure determining the ability of a blood unit to transport oxygen is the ratio of hemoglobin concentration (HB) and total erythrocyte surface area (TSAE). It was also shown that both in mammals and birds the amount of hemoglobin per total surface area unit (Hb/TSAE) conditions maximum use of respiratory pigment in oxygen transport, in different physiological and environmental conditions. In order to check whether this regularity occurs in fish, red blood indices were analyzed in seven species of freshwater fish, differing noticeably in their biology and body mass in two seasons of the year. Notwithstanding this marked seasonal variability to the component variables together determining the total surface area of erythrocytes, the value for TSAE was found to differ in proportion to the higher or lower concentrations of HB. In consequence, the HB/TSAE ratio indicative of the maximal use of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen was constant in all of the fish studied between analyzed seasons. This constancy - resembling that to be noted in birds - is most probably related to the counter-current gaseous exchange ongoing in the gills of fish.

Transport of Particle-Laden Fluids Through Fixed-Valve Micropumps

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Sheng Jang ◽  
Christopher J. Morris ◽  
Nigel R. Sharma ◽  
Ron L. Bardell ◽  
Fred K. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Maximum Flow Rate ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Polystyrene Microspheres ◽  
Negative Surface

Abstract Micropumps designed for the flow-rate range of 100–1000μl/min have been developed by a number of research groups. However, little data is available regarding the ability of various designs to directly transport liquids containing particles such as cells, microspheres utilized for bead chemistry, or contaminants. In this study the ability of pumps with no-moving-parts valves (NMPV) to transport particles was investigated. The results showed that a NMPV micropump was able to directly pump suspensions of polystyrene microspheres from 3.1 to 20.3μm in diameter. The pump functioned without clogging at microsphere number densities as high as 9000 particles/μl of suspension, which corresponded to over 90,000 particles per second passing through the pump at a flow rate of 600μl/min. Performance with polystyrene microspheres was the same as pure water up to the point of cavitation. Microspheres manufactured with negative surface charge cavitated less readily that other microspheres studied that were manufactured without surface charge. However, cavitation did not appear to be a function of microsphere size, total surface area or number density. Thus pumping polystyrene microspheres was found to be more affected by surface effects than by size, surface area or number density within the range of parameters considered. In the case of charged microspheres, the maximum flow rate was reduced by 30% compared to pure water whereas for uncharged microspheres the maximum flow rate was reduced by approximately 80%.

Corrigendum to “Social monogamy in the crab Planes major, a facultative symbiont of loggerhead sea turtles”[J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 461 (2014) 124–132]

2015 ◽  
Vol 467 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Pfaller ◽  
Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto ◽  
Bruno Giffoni ◽  
Takashi Ishihara ◽  
Jeffrey C. Mangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Social Monogamy ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles

Comparative physiology of insect renal function

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. R241-R257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Multiplier System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Anion Transfer

Transport mechanisms and their control in various segments of insect excretory systems are reviewed and compared to those of vertebrate nephrons, exocrine glands, and hindguts. Formation of the primary urine in most insect Malpighian tubules (MT) is by isosmotic secretion, which is driven by an apical cation (K+) pump rather than by Na+-K+-ATPase. Unlike the glomerular filtrate of vertebrates, insect MT fluid is very different from the blood in composition, often having very high K+-to-Na+ ratios, and urine-to-plasma values much less than unity for most other solutes. The total surface area of insect MT is some 20 times that of vertebrate glomeruli per unit body weight. Secretion of MT fluid is regulated by neuropeptides over a wide range of rats, similar to glomerular filtration rate values for many vertebrate kidneys. Several secretory mechanisms for selected solutes are probably common to insect and vertebrate tubules. Unlike vertebrates, insects usually reabsorb most of the filtered water, ions, and metabolites in the rectum, which has a small surface area relative to the MT. The rectum is also where ionic and osmotic composition of the excreta is finally adjusted, under the control of neuropeptide hormones. In the rectum, insect excreta can become as hyperosmotic as mammalian urine, even though a countercurrent multiplier system is not present. Active transport of Cl- predominates in both locust rectum and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, but the characteristics of the anion transfer process are quite different in these two epithelia.xs

scholarly journals Evolution de l’occupation des sols dans la partie Nord du Dallol Bosso, départements de Filingué et Balleyara, région de Tillabéri-Niger

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (30) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Issoufou Maigary ◽  
Boureïma Ousmane ◽  
Ado Dankarami
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Balanced Development

The departments of Filingué and Balleyara, which are our study area, are located in the northern part of Dallol Bosso, Tillabéri region in western Niger. This study area is circumscribed between 13 ° 35 'and 14 ° 40' north latitudes and 2 ° 50 'and 3 ° 30' East longitude. The effects of climate variability and change in the region since the 1970s have had significant impacts on ecosystems. This paper focuses on analyzing the dynamics of land use land cover in that area. The methodology based on the interpretation of the satellite image for 1972, 1987 and 2016 has led to important results. Thus, there is a notable decline in areas covered by natural plant formations (tiger bush and steppe). Indeed, they range from 28.79% in 1972 to 12.15% in 2016 of the total surface area of the study area. However, farmland increased from 164772 ha in 1972 to 200 697 ha in 2016, an increase of 22%. In addition, the bare spaces which were only 666 ha in 1972 moved to 4189 ha, an increase of more than 500%. Finally, the number of semi-permanent pools rose from 219 to 833 from 1972 to 2016, while the number of Koris increased from 280 to 1573 during the same period, an increase of more than 400%. It seems necessary to take urgent measures to safeguard the ecosystems of the region to allow a more balanced development of the area.

Ceramic Vessels, Site Permanence, and Group Size: A Mississippian Example

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Georgia Piedmont ◽  
Site Variability

Data derived from analyses of vessel size and shape have been largely overlooked by researchers who seek to understand Mississippian site variability. Vessel form data are analyzed to demonstrate that relative site permanence and the relative size of group that lived at or visited sites are reflected in the size and shape of ceramic vessels. Vessel forms from four archaeological sites are compared, each of which played a different role within a single, late Mississippian society of the Georgia Piedmont.

THE INFLUENCE OF OVERCROWDING ON SPERMATOGENESIS, SIZE OF LEYDIG-CELL NUCLEI (HISTOMETRICAL INVESTIGATION), AND THE ADRENAL CORTICOSTERONE CONTENTS IN MICE

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gärtner ◽  
H. Reznik-Schüller ◽  
G. Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Nmri Mice ◽  
Testosterone Secretion ◽  
Adrenal Corticosterone

ABSTRACT Adult male NMRI-mice were kept alone or in groups of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 animals for 28 days and were then sacrificed. The corticosterone levels of their adrenals were determined and their testes were examined histometrically. The corticosterone levels of the adrenals increased two-fold with increasing population size. Furthermore the increased population size caused a suppression of some testicular functions: the seminiferous tubules decreased up to 20 % and the relative frequency of the spermatids up to 10 % whereas the numbers of spermatocytes and spermatogonias increased correspondingly. A decrease of about 25 % of the testosterone dependent postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis is assumed. Since the diameters of the Leydig-cell nuclei decreased about 20 %, a reduction of the testicular testosterone secretion can be projected. All measurements proved the group with 5 animals to be the most favourable group size.

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