scholarly journals Baculovirus infection triggers a positive phototactic response in caterpillars to induce ‘tree-top’ disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 20140680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stineke van Houte ◽  
Monique M. van Oers ◽  
Yue Han ◽  
Just M. Vlak ◽  
Vera I. D. Ros
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Light Perception ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Baculovirus Infection ◽  
Climbing Behaviour ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Underlying Processes

Many parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance parasite transmission and survival. A fascinating example is baculoviruses, which often induce death in caterpillar hosts at elevated positions (‘tree-top’ disease). To date, little is known about the underlying processes leading to this adaptive host manipulation. Here, we show that the baculovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) triggers a positive phototactic response in S. exigua larvae prior to death and causes the caterpillars to die at elevated positions. This light-dependent climbing behaviour is specific for infected larvae, as movement of uninfected caterpillars during larval development was light-independent. We hypothesize that upon infection, SeMNPV captures a host pathway involved in phototaxis and/or light perception to induce this remarkable behavioural change.

scholarly journals Reprogramming of larval locomotory pattern during baculovirus-induced host manipulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Hikida ◽  
Susumu Katsuma
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Climbing Behaviour ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Host Behaviour

AbstractMany parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance their transmission. Baculovirus induces enhanced locomotory activity (ELA) combined with subsequent climbing behaviour in lepidopteran larvae, which facilitates viral dispersal. Previously, larval locomotion during ELA was summarized as the distance travelled for a few minutes at several time points. However, as ELA continues for several hours, these methods are unlikely to evaluate larval locomotion precisely during ELA. We developed a novel method to continuously trace the locomotion of Bombyx mori larvae using time-lapse imaging. This method successfully quantified the locomotory activities of larvae infected with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) for 24 h. We found that both mock- and BmNPV-infected larvae periodically repeated moving and pausing with a similar frequency. In contrast, BmNPV-infected larvae showed fast and long-lasting locomotion compared with mock-infected larvae, which resulted in longer locomotory distances in infected larvae. Moreover, BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited biphasic behaviour. Initially, BmNPV-infected larvae showed longer locomotory distances, but the locomotory pattern was similar to mock-infected larvae. However, during the second phase, the locomotory pattern was drastically altered, with an extremely larger locomotory area. These results indicate that BmNPV reprograms host locomotory pattern, which is a turning point for the process of BmNPV-induced host manipulation.

scholarly journals High-resolution analysis of baculovirus-induced host manipulation in the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Hikida ◽  
Susumu Katsuma
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Climbing Behaviour ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Host Behaviour

Abstract Many parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance their transmission. Baculoviruses induce enhanced locomotory activity (ELA) combined with subsequent climbing behaviour in lepidopteran larvae, which facilitates viral dispersal. However, the mechanisms underlying host manipulation system are largely unknown. Previously, larval locomotion during ELA was summarized as the distance travelled for a few minutes at several time points, which are unlikely to characterize ELA precisely, as ELA typically persists for several hours. In this study, we modified a recently developed method using time-lapse recording to characterize locomotion of Bombyx mori larvae infected with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) for 24 h at 3 s resolution. Our data showed that the locomotion of the mock-infected larvae was restricted to a small area, whereas the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited a large locomotory area. These results indicate that BmNPV dysregulates the locomotory pattern of host larvae. Furthermore, both the mock- and BmNPV-infected larvae showed periodic cycles of movement and stationary behaviour with a similar frequency, suggesting the physiological mechanisms that induce locomotion are unaffected by BmNPV infection. In contrast, the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited fast and long-lasting locomotion compared with mock-infected larvae, which indicates that locomotory speed and duration are manipulated by BmNPV.

scholarly journals Does resource availability affect host manipulation? – an experimental test with Schistocephalus solidus

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
NINA HAFER ◽  
DANIEL P. BENESH
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Food Treatment ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Food Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Host Behaviour

SUMMARYHost manipulation is a common strategy of parasites employed to increase their fitness by changing the phenotype of their hosts. Whether host manipulation might be affected by environmental factors such as resource availability, has received little attention. We experimentally infected laboratory-bred copepods with the cestodeSchistocephalus solidus, submitted infected and uninfected copepods to either a high or a low food treatment, and measured their behaviour. Infection reduced host activity and speed in both feeding treatments. However, the difference between the infected and uninfected copepods was smaller under low food conditions, because uninfected, but not infected, copepods moved slower under these conditions. We suggest that these differences are mediated by the physical condition of copepods rather than changes in how strongly the parasite manipulated host behaviour. Additionally, we measured three fitness-relevant traits (growth, development and infection rate in the next host) of the parasite to identify potential trade-offs with host manipulation. The largest parasites in copepods appeared the least manipulative, i.e. their hosts showed the smallest behavioural alterations, but this may again reflect variation in copepod condition, rather than life history trade-offs between parasite growth and host manipulation. Our results point to the possibility that parasite transmission depends on environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Bacmid Expression of Granulovirus Enhancin En3 Accumulates in Cell Soluble Fraction to Potentiate Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233
Author(s):  
Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo ◽  
Oihane Simón ◽  
Ana Beatriz Fernández ◽  
Trevor Williams ◽  
Primitivo Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Recombinant Virus ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Autographa Californica ◽  
Insect Midgut ◽  
Baculovirus Infection ◽  
Occlusion Bodies ◽  
Infected Cells

Enhancins are metalloproteinases that facilitate baculovirus infection in the insect midgut. They are more prevalent in granuloviruses (GVs), constituting up to 5% of the proteins of viral occlusion bodies (OBs). In nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), in contrast, they are present in the envelope of the occlusion-derived virions (ODV). In the present study, we constructed a recombinant Autographa californica NPV (AcMNPV) that expressed the Trichoplusia ni GV (TnGV) enhancin 3 (En3), with the aim of increasing the presence of enhancin in the OBs or ODVs. En3 was successfully produced but did not localize to the OBs or the ODVs and accumulated in the soluble fraction of infected cells. As a result, increased OB pathogenicity was observed when OBs were administered in mixtures with the soluble fraction of infected cells. The mixture of OBs and the soluble fraction of Sf9 cells infected with BacPhEn3 recombinant virus was ~3- and ~4.7-fold more pathogenic than BacPh control OBs in the second and fourth instars of Spodoptera exigua, respectively. In contrast, when purified, recombinant BacPhEn3 OBs were as pathogenic as control BacPh OBs. The expression of En3 in the soluble fraction of insect cells may find applications in the development of virus-based insecticides with increased efficacy.

scholarly journals Parasitic Manipulation of Host Behaviour: Baculovirus SeMNPV EGT Facilitates Tree-Top Disease in Spodoptera exigua Larvae by Extending the Time to Death

Insects ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 716-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Han ◽  
Stineke van Houte ◽  
Gerben Drees ◽  
Monique van Oers ◽  
Vera Ros
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Parasitic Manipulation

Modification of host social networks by manipulative parasites

Behaviour ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 671-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Host Behaviour

Abstract Social network models provide a powerful tool to estimate infection risk for individual hosts and track parasite transmission through host populations. Here, bringing together concepts from social network theory, animal personality, and parasite manipulation of host behaviour, I argue that not only are social networks shaping parasite transmission, but parasites in turn shape social networks through their effects on the behaviour of infected individuals. Firstly, I review five general categories of behaviour (mating behaviour, aggressiveness, activity levels, spatial distribution, and group formation) that are closely tied to social networks, and provide evidence that parasites can affect all of them. Secondly, I describe scenarios in which behaviour-altering parasites can modify either the role or position of individual hosts within their social network, or various structural properties (e.g., connectance, modularity) of the entire network. Experimental approaches allowing comparisons of social networks pre- versus post-infection are a promising avenue to explore the feedback loop between social networks and parasite infections.

scholarly journals Baculovirus infection triggers a positive phototactic response in caterpillars: a response to Dobson et al . (2015)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 20150633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stineke van Houte ◽  
Monique M. van Oers ◽  
Yue Han ◽  
Just M. Vlak ◽  
Vera I. D. Ros
Keyword(s):  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Baculovirus Infection

scholarly journals Behavioural mechanisms underlying parasite-mediated competition for refuges in a coral reef fish

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham E. Forrester ◽  
Erin Chille ◽  
Katie Nickles ◽  
Kiran Reed
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Behaviour

Abstract Parasites have been increasingly recognized as participants in indirect ecological interactions, including those mediated by parasite-induced changes to host behaviour (trait-mediated indirect interactions or TMIIs). In most documented examples, host behaviours altered by parasites increase susceptibility to predation because the predator is also a host (host-manipulation). Here, we test for a TMII in which a parasitic copepod modifies the predator-prey interaction between a small goby host and several larger predatory fish. Gobies compete for crevices in the reef to avoid predation and goby mortality increases more rapidly with increasing refuge shortage for parasitized gobies than for those free of parasites. We found interactive effects of refuge shortage and parasitism on two behaviours we predicted might be associated with parasite-mediated competition for refuges. First, as refuge-shortage increases, the rate of aggression among gobies increases and parasitism intensifies this interaction. Second, goby proximity to refuges increases as refuges become scarce, but parasitism nullifies this increase. In combination, these parasite-induced changes in behaviour may explain why parasitized gobies are poor competitors for refuges. Because the parasite is not trophically transmitted via host manipulation, these altered behaviours in parasitized gobies are likely coincidental to infection.

scholarly journals A molecular war: convergent and ontogenetic evidence for adaptive host manipulation in related parasites infecting divergent hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1915) ◽  
pp. 20191827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Herbison ◽  
Steven Evans ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Michael Algie ◽  
Torsten Kleffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
General Function ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Forficula Auricularia ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Hyperactive Behaviour ◽  
Insight Into

Mermithids (phylum Nematoda) and hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha) somehow drive their arthropod hosts into water, which is essential for the worms' survival after egression. The mechanisms behind this behavioural change have been investigated in hairworms, but not in mermithids. Establishing a similar mechanistic basis for host behavioural change between these two distantly related parasitic groups would provide strong convergent evidence for adaptive manipulation and insight into how these parasites modify and/or create behaviour. Here, we search for this convergence, and also contrast changes in physiology between hosts infected with immature and mature mermithids to provide the first ontogenetic evidence for adaptive manipulation by disentangling host response and pathology from the parasite's apparent manipulative effects. We used SWATH-mass spectrometry on brains of Forficula auricularia (earwig) and Bellorchestia quoyana (sandhopper), infected with the mermithids Mermis nigrescens and Thaumamermis zealandica , respectively, at both immature and mature stages of infection, to quantify proteomic changes resulting from mermithid infection. Across both hosts (and hairworm-infected hosts, from earlier studies), the general function of dysregulated proteins was conserved. Proteins involved in energy generation/mobilization were dysregulated, corroborating reports of erratic/hyperactive behaviour in infected hosts. Dysregulated proteins involved in axon/dendrite and synapse modulation were also common to all hosts, suggesting neuronal manipulation is involved in inducing positive hydrotaxis. Furthermore, downregulation of CamKII and associated proteins suggest manipulation of memory also contributes to the behavioural shift.

scholarly journals Host manipulation as a parasite transmission strategy when manipulation is exploited by non-host predators

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Seppälä ◽  
Jukka Jokela
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Transmission Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Manipulation Strategy ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered to be a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next host. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear, as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predator species that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. Thus, it has been proposed that, to be adaptive, manipulation should be specific by predisposing hosts more strongly to predation by target hosts (next host in the life cycle) than to non-hosts. Here we formally evaluate this prediction, and show that manipulation does not have to be specific to be adaptive. However, when manipulation is nonspecific, it needs to effectively increase the overall predation risk of infected hosts if it is to increase the parasite transmission probability. Thus, when initial predation risk is low, even highly nonspecific manipulation strategies can be adaptive. However, when initial predation risk is high, manipulation needs to be more specific to increase parasite transmission success. Therefore, nonspecific host manipulation may evolve in nature, but the adaptive value of a certain manipulation strategy can vary among different parasite populations depending on the variation in initial predation risk.

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