scholarly journals Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte I. McDonald ◽  
Paul J. Ponganis
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Lung Collapse ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Air Volume ◽  
Abrupt Changes

Lung collapse is considered the primary mechanism that limits nitrogen absorption and decreases the risk of decompression sickness in deep-diving marine mammals. Continuous arterial partial pressure of oxygen profiles in a free-diving female California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ) revealed that (i) depth of lung collapse was near 225 m as evidenced by abrupt changes in during descent and ascent, (ii) depth of lung collapse was positively related to maximum dive depth, suggesting that the sea lion increased inhaled air volume in deeper dives and (iii) lung collapse at depth preserved a pulmonary oxygen reservoir that supplemented blood oxygen during ascent so that mean end-of-dive arterial was 74 ± 17 mmHg (greater than 85% haemoglobin saturation). Such information is critical to the understanding and the modelling of both nitrogen and oxygen transport in diving marine mammals.

scholarly journals Studies on the Hemoglobins of Pinnipeds

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Lincoln ◽  
Diana T. Edmunds ◽  
T. John Gribble ◽  
Herbert C. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Elephant Seal ◽  
Harbor Seals ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Gray Harbor ◽  
Fur Seal

Abstract The hemoglobins of seven species of pinnipeds-elephant, ribbon, fur, harbor, and grey seals, walrus, and California sea lion-had two major and one minor hemoglobin fractions on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. One of the major fractions in all seven species had the same electrophoretic mobility. The second fractions of the gray, harbor, and ribbon seals were similar, but different from the second fractions of the walrus, fur seal, and sea lion. The second fraction of the elephant seal was different from all the others. The proportion of the two major fractions was about 3:1 in the elephant, grey, ribbon, and harbor seals, and about 1:1 in the fur seal, walrus, and sea lion. These results correlated well with the pinniped phylogenetic chart derived by classical morphology. All hemoglobin fractions were found to be alkali sensitive and heat stable. Gel filtration studies with Sephadex G-75 and G-100 indicated that the elephant seal hemoglobins had a mol wt of about 65,000. The amino acid compositions of the chains isolated from the hemoglobin fractions suggested that in the elephant seal one major fraction had two alpha and two beta chains, and the other major fraction had four like chains. The presence of a hemoglobin which is composed of a tetramer of like chains could be functionally advantageous to deep diving mammals.

Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsufumi Sato ◽  
Y. Naito ◽  
A. Kato ◽  
Y. Niizuma ◽  
Y. Watanuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Air Volume ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Free Ranging

SUMMARYUsing a newly developed data logger to measure acceleration, we demonstrate that free-ranging king and Adélie penguins only beat their flippers substantially during the first part of descent or when they were presumed to be chasing prey at the bottom of dives. Flipper beating stopped during the latter part of ascent: at 29±9 % (mean ± S.D.) of dive depth(mean dive depth=136.8±145.1 m, N=425 dives) in king penguins,and at 52±20 % of dive depth (mean dive depth=72.9±70.5 m, N=664 dives) in Adélie penguins. Propulsive swim speeds of both species were approximately 2 m s-1 during dives; however, a marked increase in speed, up to approximately 2.9 m s-1, sometimes occurred in king penguins during the passive ascending periods. During the prolonged ascending, oblique ascent angle and slowdown near the surface may represent one way to avoid the potential risk of decompression sickness. Biomechanical calculations for data from free-ranging king and Adélie penguins indicate that the air volume of the birds (respiratory system and plumage) can provide enough buoyancy for the passive ascent. When comparing the passive ascents for shallow and deep dives, there is a positive correlation between air volume and the depth of the dive. This suggests that penguins regulate their air volume to optimize the costs and benefits of buoyancy.

scholarly journals Common cancer in a wild animal: the California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ) as an emerging model for carcinogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1673) ◽  
pp. 20140228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Browning ◽  
Frances M. D. Gulland ◽  
John A. Hammond ◽  
Kathleen M. Colegrove ◽  
Ailsa J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Zalophus Californianus ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lions ◽  
California Sea Lion ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urogenital Carcinoma

Naturally occurring cancers in non-laboratory species have great potential in helping to decipher the often complex causes of neoplasia. Wild animal models could add substantially to our understanding of carcinogenesis, particularly of genetic and environmental interactions, but they are currently underutilized. Studying neoplasia in wild animals is difficult and especially challenging in marine mammals owing to their inaccessibility, lack of exposure history, and ethical, logistical and legal limits on experimentation. Despite this, California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) offer an opportunity to investigate risk factors for neoplasia development that have implications for terrestrial mammals and humans who share much of their environment and diet. A relatively accessible California sea lion population on the west coast of the USA has a high prevalence of urogenital carcinoma and is regularly sampled during veterinary care in wildlife rehabilitation centres. Collaborative studies have revealed that genotype, persistent organic pollutants and a herpesvirus are all associated with this cancer. This paper reviews research to date on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of urogenital carcinoma in this species, and presents the California sea lion as an important and currently underexploited wild animal model of carcinogenesis.

Visual Learning set in a California sea lion

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly McCormley ◽  
Peter Cook ◽  
Madison Miketa ◽  
Colleen Reichmuth
Keyword(s):  
Visual Learning ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion ◽  
Learning Set

Rehabilitation and Movement of a Blind California Sea Lion from the Southern Gulf of California to the Western Baja California Peninsula, Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-298
Author(s):  
Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken ◽  
Patricia Meneses ◽  
Abraham Cárdenas-Llerenas ◽  
Wayne Phillips ◽  
Abel de la Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion

Onset, growth, and recovery of in-air temporary threshold shift in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 2916 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kastak ◽  
Colleen Reichmuth ◽  
Marla M. Holt ◽  
Jason Mulsow ◽  
Brandon L. Southall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Zalophus Californianus ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion

Dental Pathology of the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Sinai ◽  
R.H. Dadaian ◽  
P.H. Kass ◽  
F.J.M. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Zalophus Californianus ◽  
Sea Lion ◽  
California Sea Lion ◽  
Dental Pathology
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