scholarly journals Neither infants nor toddlers catch yawns from their mothers

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailsa Millen ◽  
James R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Contagious Yawning ◽  
Very Young Children

This study aimed to clarify whether infants and preschool children show susceptibility to contagious yawning, a well-known effect that has been demonstrated experimentally in older children and adults by exposing them to video sequences showing yawns. In a first study, parents kept a log of their child's yawns for a one week period. None of the log entries reported any contagious yawns by the children. Although less frequent than in older children and adults, spontaneous yawning by infants and preschoolers showed the typical morning, post-wakening peak, and an increase before bedtime in the evening. In an experimental study, infants and preschoolers watched a presentation that included many images of yawning and a repeated video clip of their own mother yawning, but there was no evidence of contagious yawning. The results suggest that, even when witnessing yawns by someone with whom they have a strong and positive emotional relationship, very young children do not show contagious yawning.

scholarly journals Examining Factors Influencing the Viability of Automatic Acoustic Analysis of Child Speech

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2487-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Knowles ◽  
Meghan Clayards ◽  
Morgan Sonderegger
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Alignment Accuracy ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Child Speech

Purpose Heterogeneous child speech was force-aligned to investigate whether (a) manipulating specific parameters could improve alignment accuracy and (b) forced alignment could be used to replicate published results on acoustic characteristics of /s/ production by children. Method In Part 1, child speech from 2 corpora was force-aligned with a trainable aligner (Prosodylab-Aligner) under different conditions that systematically manipulated input training data and the type of transcription used. Alignment accuracy was determined by comparing hand and automatic alignments as to how often they overlapped (%-Match) and absolute differences in duration and boundary placements. Using mixed-effects regression, accuracy was modeled as a function of alignment conditions, as well as segment and child age. In Part 2, forced alignments derived from a subset of the alignment conditions in Part 1 were used to extract spectral center of gravity of /s/ productions from young children. These findings were compared to published results that used manual alignments of the same data. Results Overall, the results of Part 1 demonstrated that using training data more similar to the data to be aligned as well as phonetic transcription led to improvements in alignment accuracy. Speech from older children was aligned more accurately than younger children. In Part 2, /s/ center of gravity extracted from force-aligned segments was found to diverge in the speech of male and female children, replicating the pattern found in previous work using manually aligned segments. This was true even for the least accurate forced alignment method. Conclusions Alignment accuracy of child speech can be improved by using more specific training and transcription. However, poor alignment accuracy was not found to impede acoustic analysis of /s/ produced by even very young children. Thus, forced alignment presents a useful tool for the analysis of child speech. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7070105

scholarly journals The Development of Causal Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Muentener ◽  
Elizabeth Bonawitz
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
The World

Research on the development of causal reasoning has broadly focused on accomplishing two goals: understanding the origins of causal reasoning, and examining how causal reasoning changes with development. This chapter reviews evidence and theory that aim to fulfill both of these objectives. In the first section, it focuses on the research that explores the possible precedents for recognizing causal events in the world, reviewing evidence for three distinct mechanisms in early causal reasoning: physical launching events, agents and their actions, and covariation information. The second portion of the chapter examines the question of how older children learn about specific causal relationships. It focuses on the role of patterns of statistical evidence in guiding learning about causal structure, suggesting that even very young children leverage strong inductive biases with patterns of data to inform their inferences about causal events, and discussing ways in which children’s spontaneous play supports causal learning.

scholarly journals The effects of emotional awareness training on teachers’ ability to manage the emotions of preschool children: An experimental study

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Maria Ulloa ◽  
Ian Evans ◽  
Linda Jones
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Emotional Competence ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Early Childhood Teachers ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Control Group

This article describes the process and results of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) on teachers’ ability to manage the emotions of preschool children during a constrained play activity. Thirty early childhood education teachers participated in the study. Half of the participants were taught strategies to enhance their own emotional competence. The control group was provided with standard information on child development. The experimental group was trained in active strategies on emotion coaching, emotional schemas, reflective practice focused on emotions, and mindfulness training. The teachers’ outcomes were assessed in situ during a pretend play session with small groups of preschoolers. The dependent variables were observed occurrences of different components of emotional competence in teachers. Significant statistical differences were found between the two groups across the three different emotional competence skills (regulation, expression, and knowledge) demonstrated by the early childhood teachers during a game situation. This experimental study highlights the processes through which teachers support the emotional competence of young children, and the importance of the role of early childhood teachers' own emotional competence on the socialisation of children’s emotions. Most importantly, it provides evidence, based on the influence of emotion-focused teacher-training and reflective practices, that teachers’ emotional skills should be supported such that they can optimally meet the emotional needs of young children.

scholarly journals Peritoneal equilibration test results are different in infants, children, and adults.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1309-1312
Author(s):  
S R Mendley ◽  
N L Majkowski
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Peritoneal Equilibration Test ◽  
Very Young Children

Peritoneal equilibration test (PET) curves have been standardized in adult peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. However, it appears that norms for pediatric PD patients may be different. A series of PET in 29 stable, chronic PD patients < or = 14 yr old performed at dwell volumes of 33 +/- 6 mL/kg with 2.5% Dianeal is reported. PET results for glucose and creatinine transport were compared between patients age < or = 2 and those 3 to 14 and published adult values by analysis of variance. Children < or = 2 transport glucose and creatinine more rapidly than do children 3 to 14 and adults. Children 3 to 14 transport glucose more rapidly than do adults; creatinine transport is not significantly different. These data demonstrate that transport characteristics differ between very young children, older children, and adults. Because PET are usually performed to plan mode of therapy, to address inadequate ultrafiltration, or to increase clearance, awareness of these results should assist in the clinical care of children on PD.

Divide and Conquer

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-309
Author(s):  
Michael J. Beran ◽  
Andrew J. Kelly ◽  
Bonnie M. Perdue ◽  
Will Whitham ◽  
Melany Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Potential Form ◽  
The Given ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract. We assessed the ability of preschool children to assign the most difficult tasks to a symbolic helper. First, children were taught that a toy “helper” could aid them in remembering the location of a hidden item. Children preferentially assigned the helper to the objectively most difficult locations to remember. Each child then completed eight more tests, assessing a range of different skills such as counting, object identification, and word reading. Children again could assign some stimuli in each task to the helper, leaving the remaining stimuli for themselves to respond to in the given tasks. They were not explicitly told to assign the hardest stimulus to the helper. However, children consistently still did so in most tasks, although some tasks showed an effect of age where older children were more proficient in assigning the objectively more difficult stimuli to the helper. These results highlight a potential form of metacognition in young children in which they can monitor difficulty across varied kinds of assessments and use a generalized tool for asking for help that does not require verbal responding.

Hodgkin Lymphoma in Very Young Children Can Be Treated Successfully without Radiation Therapy.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2472-2472
Author(s):  
Asim F. Belgaumi ◽  
Amani A. Al-Kofide ◽  
Nicey Joseph ◽  
Yasser Khafaga ◽  
Rubina J. Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Bulky Disease ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Very Young Children

Abstract Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) is rarely seen in <5-year olds in developed nations. Even in developing countries, where a tendency towards younger age of presentation has been shown, this represents a minority of cases. Little is known about the biology and behavior of these very young patients with HL as compared to older children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed HL cases diagnosed and treated at our institution between 1975 and 2003. HL was diagnosed histopathologically and staged clinically. The pediatric age group ranged from 0–14 years. Treatment strategy for these very young children was focused on the elimination of radiation therapy (XRT). Results: 69/368 (18.75%) patients were less than 5 years at diagnosis. When compared to older patients, there was a trend towards male predominance (M:F 4.31 v. 2.65; p=0.2), but no difference in the incidence of B-symptoms (26.1% v. 32.9%; p=1.0) and stage distribution (p=1.0). There was less mediastinal involvement (p=0.025) or bulky disease (p=0.01) in the younger patients. These patients had more mixed cellularity and less nodular sclerosis subtype (p=0.025). Fifty-five were treated with chemotherapy (CTX) alone, 12 with combined modality therapy (CMT) and 2 with XRT only. 35/55 CTX patients were treated with ABVD (20 per standard schedule, 13 modified and 2 unknown), 12 MOPP and 8 with hybrid or combination CTX (4 MOPP/ABVD, 3 COPP/ABVD and 1 unspecified). All CMT patients received ABVD (9 standard and 3 modified) and XRT (1500cGy/IF for 5, 1500cGy/EF for 4 and 2400cGy/EF, 2720cGy/IF and 3060cGy/IF for one each). The two XRT alone patients had stage I cervical disease and received 3900cGy and 3250cGy IFXRT. At ten years the EFS and OS for these patients under 5-years of age was 81.5% and 90.4%, respectively, compared to 75.5% and 90.5% for the children between 5 and 14 years of age (p>0.5 for both comparisons). OS (86.4% v. 100%; p=0.3, Log Rank test) and EFS (81.0% v. 90.9%; p=0.4, Log Rank test) for CTX v. CMT groups were not statistically significantly different. The CTX group had more B-symptoms (29.1% v. 16.1%) and higher stage disease (stage III/IV 47.3% v. 25%; stage IV 12.73% v. 0%). Conclusions: HL patients <5years old do not present with higher risk disease than older children. They can successfully be treated without XRT using CTX alone. XRT can be reserved for treating the few who relapse. This may result in reduction in XRT related toxicity, which can be significant in these very young children.

scholarly journals HGG-17. HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN; A SINGLE-CENTER 11-YEAR-EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii346-iii347
Author(s):  
Moatasem El-ayadi ◽  
Omar Shawky ◽  
Eman Naguib ◽  
Eslam Maher ◽  
Amal Abdelaziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
High Grade Glioma ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Very Young Children

Abstract BACKGROUND Data about high-grade glioma (HGG) in very young children (≤3 years old at diagnosis) is scarce. METHODS 180 pediatric HGG patients were treated at the Children Cancer Hospital - Egypt (CCHE-57357) between July 2007 and June 2018, with 17 patients aged ≤3 years at diagnosis. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for clinical, radiological and histopathological data, treatment received and survival outcome. RESULTS Median age was 29.2 months (range: 2.4 – 35.8 months; males = 9). Most frequent pathological diagnosis was Glioblastoma, WHO grade-IV (n = 11, 64.7%) and one patient had H3-mutant diffuse midline glioma. All patients underwent surgery (gross-total resection, n = 6, 35.3%; subtotal-resection, n = 5, 29.4%; biopsy, n = 6, 35.3%). One patient (age = 7 months) progressed and died before starting adjuvant therapy. All patients ≤1 year of age (n = 5) received adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) only, older children (n = 11) received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) (total dose range: 54 – 60 Gy) and CT (CCG-945 protocol). The 1-year overall survival (OS) rate was 47.1%; and event-free survival (EFS) rate was 35.3%. EFS differed between those who received RT and those who did not (1-year EFS 54.5% and 0% respectively, p = 0.001). Compared to older children, anatomical distribution of tumors was significantly different with non-midline locations being the commonest in patients ≤3 years old (88.2% vs 46.4%, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS HGG in very young children arise predominantly in non-midline locations and usually lack the H3-mutation. RT seems crucial in the management of pHGG regardless of age subgroup.

Head Injury in Very Young Children: Mechanisms, Injury Types, and Ophthalmologic Findings in 100 Hospitalized Patients Younger Than 2 Years of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Duhaime ◽  
A. J. Alario ◽  
W. J. Lewander ◽  
L. Schut ◽  
L. N. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Retinal Hemorrhages ◽  
Injury Type ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Injured Patients

Head injury in the youngest age group is distinct from that occurring in older children or adults because of differences in mechanisms, injury thresholds, and the frequency with which the question of child abuse is encountered. To analyze some of these characteristics in very young children, the authors prospectively studied 100 consecutively admitted head-injured patients 24 months of age or younger who were drawn from three institutions. Mechanism of injury, injury type, and associated injuries were recorded. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination to document the presence of retinal hemorrhages. An algorithm incorporating injury type, best history, and associated findings was used to classify each injury as inflicted or accidental. The results confirmed that most head injuries in children younger than 2 years of age occurred from falls, and while different fall heights were associated with different injury types, most household falls were neurologically benign. Using strict criteria, 24% of injuries were presumed inflicted, and an additional 32% were suspicious for abuse, neglect, or social or family problems. Intradural hemorrhage was much more likely to occur from motor vehicle accidents and inflicted injury than from any other mechanism, with the latter being the most common cause of mortality. Retinal hemorrhages were seen in serious accidental head injury but were most commonly encountered in inflicted injury. The presence of more serious injuries associated with particular mechanisms may be related to a predominance of rotational rather than translational forces acting on the head.

Siblings and Salvation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Capp
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Essential Dimension ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Practical Support

The Protestant Reformation often created divisions within families as well as in the nation at large, making religion an essential dimension of sibling relationships in this period. The chapter opens with the role of older children in the religious upbringing of younger siblings, especially in puritan and Nonconformist families where even very young children sometimes imbibed the spiritual zeal of their parents. Devout adults often felt it their duty to awaken or convert more worldly siblings. The chapter then examines the role of siblings in the survival of the persecuted Catholic community, whether in reclaiming lost sheep, sheltering missionary priests, or dabbling in conspiracy. A similar pattern among persecuted Nonconformists in the Restoration period was reflected in emotional and practical support and solidarity. The chapter ends with a contrasting phenomenon: the ability of blood ties to outweigh denominational differences within families.

Behaviour problems in preschool children: A developmental context for assessment and intervention

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra MacKenzie-Keating ◽  
Linda McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Problem Behaviour ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Child Problems ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSome issues related to behaviour problems in preschool children are examined. Topics include prevalence and significance of early behaviour problems, problems in assessment of behaviour problems in very young children, and currently used classification systems and their relevance to very young children.The case for a developmental perspective will also be considered in conjunction with some recent methods of classifying child problems such as DC: 0-3 (Zero to Three: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 1997) and with more behaviourally oriented guidelines. Finally, relationships that develop over time ore examined with respect to risk and protection, the case for prevention and early identification, and a brief review of interventions for preschool children. In spite of the difficulty in identifying significant problem behaviour in very young children, it is argued that it is important to intervene early in order to prevent more serious problems later in life.

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