scholarly journals Selective constraint and adaptive potential of West Nile virus within and among naturally infected avian hosts and mosquito vectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase W Nelson ◽  
Samuel D Sibley ◽  
Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis ◽  
Gabriel L Hamer ◽  
Christina M Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Selective Constraint ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Kampen ◽  
Cora M. Holicki ◽  
Ute Ziegler ◽  
Martin H. Groschup ◽  
Birke Andrea Tews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Viral Envelope Protein ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
First Time

In 2018, West Nile virus (WNV) broke out for the first time in Germany, with continuation of the epidemic in 2019, involving birds, horses and humans. To identify vectors and characterize the virus, mosquitoes were collected in both years in zoological gardens and on a horse meadow immediately following the diagnosis of disease cases in birds and horses. Mosquitoes were identified and screened for WNV by qRT-PCR, with virus-positive samples being sequenced for the viral envelope protein gene. While no positive mosquitoes were found in 2018, seven mosquito pools tested positive for WNV in 2019 in the Tierpark (Wildlife Park) Berlin. The pools consisted of Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens (n = 5), and a mixture of Cx. p. biotype pipiens and Cx. p. biotype molestus (n = 2), or hybrids of these, and were collected between 13 August and 24 September 2019. The virus strain turned out to be nearly identical to two WNV strains isolated from birds diseased in 2018 in eastern Germany. The findings represent the first demonstration of WNV in mosquitoes in Germany and include the possibility of local overwintering of the virus.

scholarly journals Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payal D. Maharaj ◽  
Michael Anishchenko ◽  
Stanley A. Langevin ◽  
Ying Fang ◽  
William K. Reisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Structural Gene ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chimeric Viruses

Despite utilizing the same avian hosts and mosquito vectors, St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) display dissimilar vector-infectivity and vertebrate-pathogenic phenotypes. SLEV exhibits a low oral infection threshold for Culex mosquito vectors and is avirulent in avian hosts, producing low-magnitude viraemias. In contrast, WNV is less orally infective to mosquitoes and elicits high-magnitude viraemias in a wide range of avian species. In order to identify the genetic determinants of these different phenotypes and to assess the utility of mosquito and vertebrate cell lines for recapitulating in vivo differences observed between these viruses, reciprocal WNV and SLEV pre-membrane and envelope protein (prME) chimeric viruses were generated and growth of these mutant viruses was characterized in mammalian (Vero), avian (duck) and mosquito [Aedes (C6/36) and Culex (CT)] cells. In both vertebrate lines, WNV grew to 100-fold higher titres than SLEV, and growth and cytopathogenicity phenotypes, determined by chimeric phenotypes, were modulated by genetic elements outside the prME gene region. Both chimeras exhibited distinctive growth patterns from those of SLEV in C6/36 cells, indicating the role of both structural and non-structural gene regions for growth in this cell line. In contrast, growth of chimeric viruses was indistinguishable from that of virus containing homologous prME genes in CT cells, indicating that structural genetic elements could specifically dictate growth differences of these viruses in relevant vectors. These data provide genetic insight into divergent enzootic maintenance strategies that could also be useful for the assessment of emergence mechanisms of closely related flaviviruses.

Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Mosquito Vectors for West Nile Virus in Connecticut, USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Diuk-Wasser ◽  
Heidi E. Brown ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
Durland Fish
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Mosquito Vectors of West Nile Virus During an Epizootic Outbreak in Puerto Rico

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barrera ◽  
A. Mackay ◽  
M. Amador ◽  
J. Vasquez ◽  
J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Long-term surveillance defines spatial and temporal patterns implicating Culex tarsalis as the primary vector of West Nile virus in Iowa, USA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Dunphy ◽  
Kristofer B. Kovach ◽  
Ella J. Gehrke ◽  
Eleanor N. Field ◽  
Wayne A. Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
West Nile

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) has become the most epidemiologically important mosquito-borne disease in the United States, causing ∼50,000 cases since its introduction in 1999. Transmitted primarily by Culex species, WNV transmission requires the complex interplay between bird reservoirs and mosquito vectors, with human cases the result of epizootic spillover. To better understand the intrinsic factors that drive these interactions, we have compiled infection data from sentinel chickens, mosquito vectors, and human cases in Iowa over a 15 year period (2002-2016) to better understand the spatial and temporal components that drive WNV transmission. Supplementing these findings with mosquito abundance, distribution, and host preferences data, we provide strong support that Culex tarsalis is the most important vector of human WNV infections in the region. Finally, we identify underlying climatic factors (temperature and drought) that are associated with inter-annual trends in WNV intensity. Together, our analysis provides new insights into WNV infection patterns in multiple hosts and highlights the importance of long-term surveillance to understand the dynamics of mosquito-borne-disease transmission.

scholarly journals Exposure of Horses in Israel to West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Gili Schvartz ◽  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Oran Erster ◽  
Roni Shenhar ◽  
Hadas Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are arboviruses transmitted by mosquito vectors. Whereas WNV is endemic in Israel, the Middle East, Europe, and in the Americas, data regarding the prevalence of USUV in the Middle East is limited. While both viruses share similar reservoirs and vectors, exposure of horses in the area to USUV have never been assessed. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and co-exposure of WNV and USUV in horses in Israel. A total of 327 serum samples from healthy unvaccinated horses in Israel collected in 2018 were tested for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and USUV. Seroprevalence for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and USUV was 84.1% and 10.8%, respectively. Management and age were significantly associated with WNV and USUV seropositivity. This is the first report describing exposure of horses in Israel to USUV, which indicates that this zoonotic pathogen should be included in the differential diagnosis list of neuroinvasive disease in this country.

scholarly journals Evaluating the feeding preferences of West Nile virus mosquito vectors using bird-baited traps

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis Victoriano Llopis ◽  
Laura Tomassone ◽  
Elena Grego ◽  
Emmanuel Serrano ◽  
Andrea Mosca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Baited Traps

scholarly journals Dynamics of West Nile virus evolution in mosquito vectors

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D Grubaugh ◽  
Gregory D Ebel
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile
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