Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Mosquito Vectors for West Nile Virus in Connecticut, USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Diuk-Wasser ◽  
Heidi E. Brown ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
Durland Fish
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Beck ◽  
Isabelle Leparc Goffart ◽  
Florian Franke ◽  
Gaelle Gonzalez ◽  
Marine Dumarest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Breaking Point ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Organ Donations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lineage 2

Since 2015, annual West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks of varying intensities have been reported in France. Recent intensification of enzootic WNV circulation was observed in the South of France with most horse cases detected in 2015 (n = 49), 2018 (n = 13), and 2019 (n = 13). A WNV lineage 1 strain was isolated from a horse suffering from West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND) during the 2015 episode in the Camargue area. A breaking point in WNV epidemiology was achieved in 2018, when WNV lineage 2 emerged in Southeastern areas. This virus most probably originated from WNV spread from Northern Italy and caused WNND in humans and the death of diurnal raptors. WNV lineage 2 emergence was associated with the most important human WNV epidemics identified so far in France (n = 26, including seven WNND cases and two infections in blood and organ donors). Two other major findings were the detection of WNV in areas with no or limited history of WNV circulation (Alpes-Maritimes in 2018, Corsica in 2018–2019, and Var in 2019) and distinct spatial distribution of human and horse WNV cases. These new data reinforce the necessity to enhance French WNV surveillance to better anticipate future WNV epidemics and epizootics and to improve the safety of blood and organ donations.

scholarly journals Selective constraint and adaptive potential of West Nile virus within and among naturally infected avian hosts and mosquito vectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase W Nelson ◽  
Samuel D Sibley ◽  
Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis ◽  
Gabriel L Hamer ◽  
Christina M Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Selective Constraint ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Kampen ◽  
Cora M. Holicki ◽  
Ute Ziegler ◽  
Martin H. Groschup ◽  
Birke Andrea Tews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Viral Envelope Protein ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
First Time

In 2018, West Nile virus (WNV) broke out for the first time in Germany, with continuation of the epidemic in 2019, involving birds, horses and humans. To identify vectors and characterize the virus, mosquitoes were collected in both years in zoological gardens and on a horse meadow immediately following the diagnosis of disease cases in birds and horses. Mosquitoes were identified and screened for WNV by qRT-PCR, with virus-positive samples being sequenced for the viral envelope protein gene. While no positive mosquitoes were found in 2018, seven mosquito pools tested positive for WNV in 2019 in the Tierpark (Wildlife Park) Berlin. The pools consisted of Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens (n = 5), and a mixture of Cx. p. biotype pipiens and Cx. p. biotype molestus (n = 2), or hybrids of these, and were collected between 13 August and 24 September 2019. The virus strain turned out to be nearly identical to two WNV strains isolated from birds diseased in 2018 in eastern Germany. The findings represent the first demonstration of WNV in mosquitoes in Germany and include the possibility of local overwintering of the virus.

scholarly journals Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payal D. Maharaj ◽  
Michael Anishchenko ◽  
Stanley A. Langevin ◽  
Ying Fang ◽  
William K. Reisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Structural Gene ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chimeric Viruses

Despite utilizing the same avian hosts and mosquito vectors, St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) display dissimilar vector-infectivity and vertebrate-pathogenic phenotypes. SLEV exhibits a low oral infection threshold for Culex mosquito vectors and is avirulent in avian hosts, producing low-magnitude viraemias. In contrast, WNV is less orally infective to mosquitoes and elicits high-magnitude viraemias in a wide range of avian species. In order to identify the genetic determinants of these different phenotypes and to assess the utility of mosquito and vertebrate cell lines for recapitulating in vivo differences observed between these viruses, reciprocal WNV and SLEV pre-membrane and envelope protein (prME) chimeric viruses were generated and growth of these mutant viruses was characterized in mammalian (Vero), avian (duck) and mosquito [Aedes (C6/36) and Culex (CT)] cells. In both vertebrate lines, WNV grew to 100-fold higher titres than SLEV, and growth and cytopathogenicity phenotypes, determined by chimeric phenotypes, were modulated by genetic elements outside the prME gene region. Both chimeras exhibited distinctive growth patterns from those of SLEV in C6/36 cells, indicating the role of both structural and non-structural gene regions for growth in this cell line. In contrast, growth of chimeric viruses was indistinguishable from that of virus containing homologous prME genes in CT cells, indicating that structural genetic elements could specifically dictate growth differences of these viruses in relevant vectors. These data provide genetic insight into divergent enzootic maintenance strategies that could also be useful for the assessment of emergence mechanisms of closely related flaviviruses.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of West Nile virus in humans and mosquitoes in Israel, 2000–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv Lustig ◽  
Zalman Kaufman ◽  
Ella Mendelson ◽  
Laor Orshan ◽  
Emilia Anis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Mosquito Vectors of West Nile Virus During an Epizootic Outbreak in Puerto Rico

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barrera ◽  
A. Mackay ◽  
M. Amador ◽  
J. Vasquez ◽  
J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
West Nile
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