scholarly journals Co-habiting in a disease hotspot: Overlap between wild and domestic birds in Egypt impacts transmission of highly pathogenic H5N1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichola J Hill ◽  
Lacy M Smith ◽  
Sabir B Muzaffar ◽  
Jessica L Nagel ◽  
Diann J Prosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
Temporal Model ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

Abstract Understanding transmission dynamics that link wild and domestic animals is a key element of predicting the emergence of infectious disease, an event that has highest likelihood of occurring wherever human livelihoods depend on agriculture and animal trade. Contact between poultry and wild birds is a key driver of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), a process that allows for host-switching and accelerated reassortment, diversification and spread of virus between otherwise unconnected regions. This study addresses questions relevant to the spillover of HPAI at a transmission hotspot: what is the nature of the wild bird-poultry interface in Egypt and adjacent Black Sea-Mediterranean countries and how has this contributed to outbreaks occurring worldwide? Using a spatio-temporal model of infection risk informed by satellite tracking of waterfowl and viral phylogenetics, this study identified ecological conditions that contribute to spillover in this understudied region. Results indicated that multiple ducks (Northern Shoveler and Northern Pintail) hosted segments that shared ancestry with HPAI H5 from both clade 2.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 supporting the role of Anseriformes in linking viral populations in East Asia and Africa over large-distances. Quantifying the interface between wild ducks and H5N1-infected poultry revealed an increasing interface in late winter peaking in early spring when ducks expanded their range before migration, with key differences in the timing of poultry contact risk between local and long-distance migrants.

scholarly journals Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars as Influenced by Spring Scalping

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Rimi ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Bernd Leinauer ◽  
Umberto Ziliotto
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Dormancy ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The University

Winter dormancy is the main impediment to a wide acceptance of warm-season turfgrasses in the Mediterranean countries of Europe due to a loss of color during the winter months. Scalping during late winter or early spring has been recommended anecdotally to enhance spring green-up of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon); however, information is lacking on the effectiveness of this practice. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of spring scalping on spring green-up of eight bermudagrass cultivars (Barbados, Contessa, La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess-77, SR 9554, and Yukon) grown in a transition zone environment. The trial was carried out in Spring of 2009 and 2010 on plots established in July 2005 at the experimental farm of the University of Padova (northeastern Italy). Half of the plots for each cultivar were subjected to spring scalping, which was applied in both years on 13 Mar. with a rotary mower set at a height of 28 mm. Soil temperatures were recorded hourly during the research period at a depth of 2.5 cm. The percentage of green cover was estimated weekly from 0 to 98 days after spring scalping (DASS). Soil temperatures in scalped plots were greater than in unscalped plots. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up, with no difference between the scalping treatments, reaching 80% green cover by the end of April. For all other cultivars, scalped plots reached 80% green cover 10 to 18 days earlier than unscalped plots. Results showed that scalping enhanced spring green-up, primarily for cultivars that recover slowly from winter dormancy.

Dispersal of Juvenile Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, after a Control Operation

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Cowan ◽  
R. E. Brockie ◽  
R. N. Smith ◽  
M. E. Hearfield
Keyword(s):  
Initial Density ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Radio Tracking ◽  
Dispersal Behaviour ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Control Operation ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
One Year

Long-distance movements of juvenile brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) from three habitats on farmland in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, were studied by radio-tracking after a poisoning operation. In the five years after the possum population on the study site had been reduced by 90%, the population recovered to about half its initial density. During that time, about 25% of radio-tagged juveniles dispersed 2 km or more, a maximum of 12·8 km from their natal area, with no significantly preferred direction. A greater proportion of males dispersed than females. All but one of the juveniles dispersing did so before they were one year old, and most made several moves before settling. The bimodal timing of dispersal in summer and late winter–early spring reflected an underlying similar pattern of breeding. A higher proportion of possums dispersed from the low-density pastoral and cropping habitat than from the higher-density habitats of swamp and willows. The dispersal behaviour of juveniles after the control operation differed little from that before, suggesting that dispersal of possums is not strongly influenced by density-dependent factors at the natal site.

scholarly journals Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

2007 ◽  
Vol 275 (1630) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran J Sharkey ◽  
Roger G Bowers ◽  
Kenton L Morgan ◽  
Susan E Robinson ◽  
Robert M Christley
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Poultry Flock ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza and in particular the H5N1 strain has resulted in the culling of millions of birds and continues to pose a threat to poultry industries worldwide. The recent outbreak of H5N1 in the UK highlights the need for detailed assessment of the consequences of an incursion and of the efficacy of control strategies. Here, we present results from a model of H5N1 propagation within the British poultry industry. We find that although the majority of randomly seeded incursions do not spread beyond the initial infected premises, there is significant potential for widespread infection. The efficacy of the European Union strategy for disease control is evaluated and our simulations emphasize the pivotal role of duck farms in spreading H5N1.

Long-distance movments of juvenile brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) on farmland, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Cowan ◽  
RE Brockie ◽  
GD Ward ◽  
MG Efford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Radio Tracking ◽  
Juvenile Male ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

Long-distance movements of juvenile male and female brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) at a farmland site, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, were studied by radio-tracking. About 20% of radio-tagged possums dispersed more than 2 km, moving up to 11.5 km from their natal area, most in a north-easterly direction. The proportion of males that dispersed was higher than that of females, but the difference was not statistically significant. All juveniles dispersing did so before they were one year old. The bimodal timing of dispersal in summer and late winter to early spring reflected an underlying similar pattern of breeding. Most possums made several moves before settling. A higher proportion of possums dispersed from the lowdensity area of pastoral and cropping land than from the higher-density areas of swamp and willows. A few dispersal records of ear-tagged animals were also obtained; most records were of males from the area of pastoral and cropping land, and movements ranged from 3 to 25 km.

scholarly journals Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (30) ◽  
pp. 10682-10687 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hulse-Post ◽  
K. M. Sturm-Ramirez ◽  
J. Humberd ◽  
P. Seiler ◽  
E. A. Govorkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

scholarly journals Role of domestic ducks in the emergence of a new genotype of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Barman ◽  
Atanaska Marinova-Petkova ◽  
M Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Sharmin Akhtar ◽  
Rabeh El-Shesheny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

scholarly journals The Role of Melatonin in Ewes Reproduction: a Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Seasonal Reproduction ◽  
Gnrh Secretion ◽  
Reproductive Activities ◽  
Short Days

This review was assigned to illustrate the melatonin (MLT) effect on reproduction in sheep (ewes). However, the pathway by which MLT charge the seasonal reproduction are imperfectly understood in sheep, the researchers consents that MLT regulates reproduction under influence of day length (photoperiod) to guarantee that birth happen in appropriate date of the year, it’s called neuro-endocrine process. This mechanism mediates by the pineal hormone (MLT). The major role of MLT in ewes is to translate the photo signals into endocrine pulses (gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion) at the end of the retino-pineal pathway. In sheep, the MLT receptors distributed in premammillary hypothalamus (PMH), pituitary gland and Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), therefore, many brain loci are participating for MLT pathways to modify the seasonal reproduction. Melatonin stimulates GnRH secretion through effect in different regions and neurons in hypothalamus such as a pre-mammillary nucleus, Arcuate and several factors like kisspeptin, RF-amide related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) and Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH). In addition, its indirectly control prolactin (PRL) output via an effect on Tuberalin release, which is mediate the mechanism of MLT activity on pituitary PRL secretion and regulate his seasonal cyclicity. The alter in day length is the principle ecological factor that control the breeding in seasonal domestic animals. Several reproductive activities are related to short days and begin during autumn when the day becomes short and a decline in temperature (short-day breeder). While expanding in the duration of light lead to a cessation in reproduction activities during late winter and early spring. In conclusion, according to the major physiological role of MLT, it can be used in different aspects in ewes reproduction industry such as induce oestrus, increment the ovulation rate and In vitro embryo production.

The role of nuclear NS1 protein in highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobo Wing-Yee Mok ◽  
Honglian Liu ◽  
Pin Chen ◽  
Siwen Liu ◽  
Siu-Ying Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anita Shrivastava ◽  
Andrea Burianova
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

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