scholarly journals Freezing stress survival mechanisms in Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. terminal buds

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 841-855
Author(s):  
Camilo Villouta ◽  
Beth Ann Workmaster ◽  
Jenny Bolivar-Medina ◽  
Smith Sinclair ◽  
Amaya Atucha
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Stress Survival ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Controlled Freezing

Abstract Plants’ mechanisms for surviving freezing stresses are essential adaptations that allow their existence in environments with extreme winter temperatures. Although it is known that Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. buds can acclimate in fall and survive very cold temperatures during the winter, the mechanism for survival of these buds is not known. The main objective of this study was to determine which of the two major mechanisms of freezing stress survival, namely, deep supercooling or freeze-induced dehydration, are employed by V. macrocarpon terminal buds. In the present study, no low-temperature exotherms (LTEs) were detected by differential thermal analysis. Furthermore, a gradual reduction of relative liquid water content in the inner portions of buds during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed between 0 and −20 °C (where no damage was detected in controlled freezing tests (CFT)) indicates these buds may not deep supercool. The higher ice nucleation activity of outer bud scales and the appearance of large voids in this structure in early winter, in conjunction with the MRI observations, are evidence supportive of a freeze-induced dehydration process. In addition, the presence of tissue browning in acclimated buds as a result of freezing stress was only observed in CFT at temperatures below −20 °C, and this damage gradually increased as test temperatures decreased and at different rates depending on the bud structure. Ours is the first study to collect multiple lines of evidence to suggest that V. macrocarpon terminal buds survive long periods of freezing stress by freeze-induced dehydration. Our results provide a framework for future studies of cold hardiness dynamics for V. macrocarpon and other woody perennial species and for the screening of breeding populations for freezing stress tolerance traits.

Flower cold hardiness: a potential determinant of the flowering sequence exhibited by bog ericads

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides ◽  
Potential Determinant ◽  
Ledum Groenlandicum

In laboratory freezing trials, cold hardiness of six types of bog ericad flowers differed significantly (i.e., Chamaedaphne calyculata > Andromeda glaucophylla > Kalmia polifolia > Vaccinium myrtilloides > Ledum groenlandicum > Vaccinium macrocarpon) at air temperatures between −4 and −10 °C but not at temperatures above −2 °C. At the Luther Marsh bog in southern Ontario, low temperatures (−3 to −7 °C) would select against May flowering by the least cold hardy ericads. Availability of pollinators, on the other hand, would encourage May flowering by the most cold hardy species. Presumably, competition for insect pollinators has promoted the diversification of bog ericad flowering peaks, while air temperature, in conjunction with flower cold hardiness, determined the order in which flowering peaks were reached.

Injury within the crown of winter wheat seedlings after freezing and icing stress

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen K. Tanino ◽  
Bryan D. McKersie
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Tetrazolium Staining

The cells in the crown of winter wheat cv. Fredrick critical for the survival of freezing and icing stress were identified using tetrazolium staining as a viability test. In acclimated seedlings, a freezing stress which lowered regrowth (−12 °C) also lowered tetrazolium staining in the vascular transition zone in the basal portion of the crown but generally did not affect the staining of the apical meristem. The majority of cells in the crown, including the apical meristem, were able to reduce tetrazolium after a lethal freezing stress. Thus, survival was limited by the freezing tolerance of a relatively small number of cells in the basal region of the crown. These observations were confirmed using plasmolysis and mitotic figures as alternative indicies of viability. No significant variability was observed among winter wheat cultivars. However, in seedlings not acclimated to freezing stress, there was quite a different pattern of injury. In these seedlings, the sensitivity of the apical and basal regions to freezing was similar. Thus, these two regions appeared to differentially acclimate and the cells of the apical meristem developed greater cold hardiness than that of the basal area. After a lethal icing stress, all regions within the crown were able to reduce tetrazolium, but the crown was unable to regrow. The ability to reduce tetrazolium was gradually lost during the regrowth period. Unlike freezing stress, no differential sensitivity was observed within the crown, and there was no variability among the cultivars of winter wheat examined.

THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND GIBBERELLIN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN THE DORMANCY OF THE CRANBERRY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. EADY ◽  
G. W. EATON
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The role of applied gibberellic acid (GA3) and endogenous gibberellins in the dormancy requirement of the cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cult McFarlin was investigated. Application of GA3 to unchilled dormant plants resulted in only vegetative growth of the terminal buds. Extraction and bioassay of gibberellin-like substances from both terminal buds and leaves during the 1969–70 season indicate a translocation of these substances from leaves to terminal buds between March 9 and April 6. This coincided with the time of elongation of the terminal buds in the field. The timing of this translocation suggests that these gibberellin-like substances do not play an important role in flower-bud development at this stage.

Short-day treatment alters Douglas-fir seedling dehardening and transplant root proliferation at varying rhizosphere temperatures

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1526-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Jacobs ◽  
Anthony S. Davis ◽  
Barrett C. Wilson ◽  
R. Kasten Dumroese ◽  
Rosa C. Goodman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Proliferation ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Short Day

We tested effects of shortened day length during nursery culture on Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling development at dormancy release. Seedlings from a 42°N source were grown either under ambient photoperiods (long-day (LD)) or with a 28 day period of 9 h light : 15 h dark photoperiods (short-day (SD)). Seedlings were periodically removed from freezer storage from January to May. Sensitivity of plant tissues to cold temperatures was investigated via electrolyte leakage at nine test temperatures ranging from 2 to –40 °C. New root growth was assessed with rhizosphere temperatures of 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. From 2 to –13 °C, there was no difference between treatments in cold hardiness. However, at or below –18 °C, LD seedlings exhibited higher indices of damage than SD seedlings. The LT50 (temperature at which 50% cell electrolyte leakage occurred) was consistently lower for SD than LD seedlings. Rhizosphere temperature differentially influenced new root proliferation: LD seedlings had greater new root production than SD seedlings at 20 °C, whereas the opposite response was detected at 10 °C. Our results confirm photoperiod sensitivity of Douglas-fir sources from relatively low (i.e., <45°N) latitudes. Increased spring cold hardiness and greater rooting at lower rhizosphere temperatures may improve field performance potential of SD-treated seedlings.

scholarly journals 561 PB 406 THE EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURES ON THE SURVIVABILITY AND POST-STRESS PERFORMANCE OF CONTAINER-GROWN NURSERY STOCK

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 512a-512
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Dwyer ◽  
N. Curtis Peterson ◽  
G. Stanley Howell
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Post Stress

The nursery industry continues to develop improved methods for successfully overwintering container-grown nursery stock. Experiments were conducted using several different species of woody ornamentals ranging from species known to be cold hardy to cold tender. Eighteen species were subjected to temperatures ranging from 20F to -20F and observed for post-stress performance and viability. Rates and timing of acclimation, mid-winter hardiness, and deacclimation of seven species were determined by examining the shoots for injury after subjecting them to controlled freezer conditions. The roots of the same seven species were exposed to three different overwintering systems: in a polyhouse, pot-to-pot above the ground, and pot-in-pot below the ground. Cold hardiness of root and shoot systems and the effects of warming temperatures on shoots were determined as well as the post-stress performance of each species. Results of this research will be presented.

scholarly journals Assessment of Freeze Injury of Grapevine Green Tissues in Response to Cultivars and a Cryoprotectant Product

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Centinari ◽  
Maria S. Smith ◽  
Jason P. Londo
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Freeze Injury ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Controlled Freezing ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Shoot Mortality

Spring frosts and subsequent crop losses threaten the economic sustainability of fruit crop producers all over the world. This study used a controlled-freezing technique to impose a post-budburst freezing stress to grapevine shoots forced from one-node cuttings [‘Albariño’, ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Pinot Grigio’ (Vitis vinifera)] and whole plants [‘Noiret’ (Vitis hybrid)]. Our goal was to investigate the incidence of freeze injury among cultivars, stage of phenological development, and a potassium salt-based fertilizer (KDL) with potential cryoprotectant activity. Among the V. vinifera cultivars, the incidence of mortality of shoots exposed to −3.5 °C was highest for ‘Albariño’ (71%) and lowest for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (51%). Cuttings sprayed with KDL 24 hours before cold temperature exposure exhibited 16% lower shoot mortality and lower osmotic potential (Ψs) (−0.92 MPa) than the unsprayed cuttings (−0.77 MPa). However, application of KDL did not impact shoot mortality for whole ‘Noiret’ vines. Mortality for ‘Noiret’ shoots greatly increased with the advancement of phenological development, ranging from 10% in wooly buds to 78% in shoots ≈10-cm long. The practical significance of KDL remains questionable; cultivar selection still appears to be a more reliable method for avoiding spring frost, by planting late bursting cultivars in more frost-prone areas.

scholarly journals Bud dormancy pattern, chilling requirement, and cold hardiness in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Riesling’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Rahemi ◽  
Helen Fisher ◽  
Adam Dale ◽  
Toktam Taghavi ◽  
John M. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Commercial Vineyard ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Dormancy Pattern

In recent years, new vineyards have been established in southwestern Ontario. The open water of Lake Erie provides some winter protection for Vitis hybrids and winter-hardy Vitis vinifera L. cultivars in this area. However, winter damage is possible when vines are grown distant from the open water or when lakes are frozen. To better understand the risks to winter survival, the dormancy and chilling phenology were studied over three winters from 2013-2016. Ten dormant canes of two V. vinifera cultivars, ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Riesling’, were collected weekly from September 1 until March 30 from the mature vines in a commercial vineyard located at St. Williams (Ontario). The canes defoliated in early October, and the endodormancy was completed by the end of December. The cumulative chilling hours (0-7.2 °C) from defoliation until the completion of endodormancy were averaged 606 hours for ‘Chardonnay’ and 665 hours for ‘Riesling’. ‘Chardonnay’ buds were slightly less hardy than ‘Riesling’ to cold temperatures, with a threshold of about -24 °C for ‘Chardonnay’ and -25 °C for ‘Riesling’. Most primary buds of both cultivars died after February 16, 2015, and more than half died after February 12, 2014, due to severe low temperatures of -33.1 and -26 °C, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Floricane Number in `Marion' Trailing Blackberry. I. Primocane Growth and Cold Hardiness

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Cortell ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Controlled Freezing

In Spring 1993 and 1994, mature trailing `Marion' blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) were pruned to 0, 4, 8, and 12 floricanes/plant. An additional treatment of 0 floricanes with early (30 cm) primocane topping and pruning was included. Primocane length was measured from emergence in April until growth cessation at the end of October on individual canes and for the whole plant. In January 1994 and 1995, cane cold hardiness was evaluated by controlled freezing. In 1993, plants without floricanes produced more primocanes and branches with an increased total length at the end of the season than plants with floricanes. However, there were no significant differences in primocane length among treatments in 1994. In all treatments, the absolute growth rate (AGR), on a length basis, of primocanes occurred in flushes of rapid growth followed by slower growth throughout the season. Plants without floricanes had a significantly greater AGR than plants with floricanes on five dates in 1993. In 1994, there was no effect of floricane number per plant on AGR of primocanes over the season and the growth peaks were not as distinct. When comparing primocane elongation rate at three phenological stages in 1993, plants with no floricanes had a significantly higher total primocane growth per day during fruit production and from harvest to length cessation. The following year, plants with no floricanes had the highest rate of growth before bloom and a trend toward greater growth during fruit production. After fruit production, there were no differences in AGR between the treatments. Plants with floricanes produced a second flush of primocanes, while plants with no floricanes produced only one flush of primocanes. Primocane length of the first flush (averaged for 4-, 8-, and 12-floricane plants) was significantly different from the second flush at all dates during the season except for the final end of season measurement date. Primocanes pruned at 30 cm did not produce significantly more branches than unpruned primocanes on plants without floricanes. Plants without floricanes produced primocanes that were significantly more cold hardy (lower LT50) in 1994 and 1995 than plants with floricanes.

scholarly journals Plasticity of cold hardiness in the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skye Butterson ◽  
Amanda D Roe ◽  
Katie Elizabeth Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Overwintering Survival

High latitude insect populations must cope with extreme conditions, particularly cold temperatures. Insects use a variety of cold hardiness mechanisms to withstand this temperature stress, and these can drive geographic distributions through overwintering mortality. The degree of cold hardiness can be altered by two evolved responses: phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation. Phenotypic plasticity can occur within or between generations (transgenerational plasticity; TGP), and local adaptation can evolve through directional selection in response to regional climatic differences. We used the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as a model to explore the role that variable winter temperatures play in inducing two aspects of plasticity in cold hardiness: TGP and local adaptation in phenotypic plasticity. This species is one of the most destructive boreal forest pests in North America, therefore accurately predicting overwintering survival is essential for effective management. While we found no evidence of TGP in cold hardiness, there was a long-term fitness cost to larvae that experienced repeated cold exposures. We also found evidence of local adaptation in both seasonal and short-term plasticity of cold hardiness. These findings provide evidence for the importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation when modelling species distributions.

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