scholarly journals Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Mercè Farré ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White

Abstract The main goals of this study were to determine whether boars and gilts respond differently to the standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE) and model the response to optimize growth performance. A total of 780 finishing pigs, 390 boars and 390 gilts [Pietrain NN × (Landrace × Large White)], with an initial individual body weight of 70.4 ± 9.2 for boars and 68.7 ± 8.0 kg for gilts, were used in a 41-d dose–response experiment. Pens (13 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to a dietary treatment (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86, 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE) by block and sex, with six replicates per treatment and sex. Two isoenergetic diets (2,460 kcal NE/kg), representing the extreme SID Lys:NE, were formulated and then mixed. Pigs were individually weighed at days 0, 22, and 41, when the experiment finished. The differential effect of SID Lys:NE on growth performance and carcass composition between sexes was analyzed with orthogonal polynomial contrasts to compare the linear and quadratic trends in each sex. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models to optimize average daily gain (ADG), including average daily feed intake (ADFI) as a covariate, were fitted when possible. As expected, boars had a greater ADG and feed efficiency (G:F; P < 0.001) than gilts, but there was no evidence of differences in ADFI (P = 0.470). Increasing SID Lys:NE had a greater linear impact on boars ADG (P = 0.087), G:F (P = 0.003), and carcass leanness (P = 0.032). In contrast, gilts showed a greater linear increase in SID Lys intake per kg gain (P < 0.001) and feed cost per kg gain (P = 0.005). The best fitting BLL models showed that boars maximized ADG at 3.63 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% confidence interval (CI): (3.32 to 3.94)], although another model with a similar fit, compared with the Bayesian information criterion, reported the optimum at 4.01 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (3.60, 4.42)]. The optimum to maximize ADG for gilts was estimated at 3.10 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (2.74, 3.47)]. Thus, the present study confirmed that boars and gilts have a different linear response to SID Lys:NE, explained by the greater protein deposition potential of boars. Likewise, BLL models indicated that boars require a higher SID Lys:NE to maximize ADG from 70 to 89 kg. These results suggest that split feeding of finishing boars and gilts could be beneficial in terms of both performance and cost return.

scholarly journals PSVIII-13 Finishing non-castrated male and female pigs have different response to the lysine to energy ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Jaume Coma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of the lysine to energy ratio on boars and gilts in the finishing phase. The effect of the standardized ileal digestible Lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) ratio was analyzed in a dose-response study with 780 crossbred finishing pigs (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an initial weight of 69.6±8.7 kg. Pigs were distributed in pens of 13 pigs, used as the experimental unit. Each pen was randomly assigned by BW and block to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86 and 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment and sex. Diets were isoenergetic (2,460 kcal NE/kg) and fed for 41 days. Individual carcass composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE consisted on linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models were fit when possible. Increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio had a linear (p< 0.001) and quadratic (p=0.020) effect on boars ADG. However, it did not have neither a linear nor quadratic effect on gilts ADG. Regarding FCR, increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio linearly decreased (p< 0.001) and showed a quadratic tendency in boars (p=0.055). For gilts only a linear decrease was reported (p=0.001). In addition, carcass leanness increased linearly on boars (p< 0.001) but not in gilts (p=0.097). Based on BLL modelling, growth of boars was maximized at 3.13 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [2.84, 3.43]) and FCR minimized at 3.95 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [3.46, 4.44]). The results of this experiment confirmed a differential response of boars and gilts to the lysine to energy ratio.

scholarly journals Effects of immunocastration on growth performance, body composition, meat quality, and boar taint

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
R. Stupka ◽  
J. Čítek ◽  
K. Vehovský ◽  
K. Zadinová ◽  
M. Okrouhlá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Large White ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Daily Gain

The study objective was to evaluate the effect of immunocastration in the period between the first and second vaccinations and subsequently between the second vaccination and slaughter on growth performance, carcass composition, meat quality, and boar taint, and compare results in immunocastrated males (IC), uncastrated boars (UCM), surgically castrated barrows (CM), and gilts (FE). The study included 70 pigs of the Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) crossbreed. Upon the overall assessment of the selected fattening indicators (average daily gain, feed intake), significant differences between CM and the other groups were demonstrated. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the IC, UCM, and FE groups. In this test, immunocastrates showed no negative effect from the second vaccination in relation to those carcass value indicators evaluated in comparison with UCM and FE. CM showed adversely lower carcass value parameters compared the other groups. No significant differences in pH, meat colour, drip loss, shear force, and intramuscular fat were found. The values of these indicators obtained for IC converged with those measured in UCM and FE. It was demonstrated that immunocastration prevented the occurrence of undesired boar taint. Androstenone decreased by 77% and skatole by 71% in IC as compared to UCM.

scholarly journals Effects of Corn Silage Inclusion Level and Type of Anabolic Implant on Animal Growth Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Beef Production per Hectare, and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Steers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Buckhaus ◽  
Zachary K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Coated Implant ◽  
Inclusion Level

Maine-Anjou × Angus cross-bred steers (n = 156 steers; initial body weight (BW) 366 ± 37.2 kg) were used in a 132 d finishing study conducted at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD. Steers were blocked by weight (n = 5 BW blocks) and randomly assigned to an implant and dietary treatment of a randomized complete block design with each pen containing seven to eight steers (n = 20 pens). Dietary treatments consisted of (1) 15% (CS15) or (2) 30% corn silage (CS30) where corn silage displaced corn grain in the diet. Steers received one of two implants (both from Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) containing equal doses of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol benzoate (EB): (1) Synovex PLUS (non-coated implant; 200 mg TBA and 28 mg EB; PLUS) or (2) Synovex ONE Feedlot (coated implant; 200 mg TBA and 28 mg EB; ONE-F). Bunks were managed using a slick bunk approach, and all diets contained dry matter (DM) basis 33 mg/kg monensin sodium. All steers were offered ad libitum access to feed, and feeding occurred twice daily in equal portions. There was no interaction between the implant and dietary treatment for any variables measured (p ≥ 0.08). Carcass-adjusted basis final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and grain to feed (G:F) were increased (p ≤ 0.02) by 2.2%, 6.5%, and 7.2%, respectively, for CS15. Observed net energy (NE) and the ratio of observed-to-expected NE for maintenance and gain was not influenced (p ≥ 0.15) by silage inclusion treatment. Beef production per hectare was not impacted (p ≥ 0.13) by corn silage inclusion level. Fecal output was increased, and digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein were decreased in CS30 (p ≤ 0.03). Dressing percent and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater (p ≤ 0.02) in CS15. Implant type did not influence any traits measured (p ≥ 0.14) except for marbling. Marbling was decreased for PLUS (433 vs. 466 ± 17.5; p = 0.02) compared to ONE-F steers. Similar beef produced per hectare of crop land-based upon silage feeding level means producers can feed greater inclusions of corn silage to finishing cattle without impacting carcass quality or beef production; implanting with a coated implant had no detrimental effects to growth performance but increases marbling scores.

scholarly journals 78 Evaluation of the growth performance of finishing pigs (Genesus genetics) to titrated levels of dietary lysine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Russell W Fent ◽  
Jim D Hedges ◽  
Kelly M Peper ◽  
Dennis O Liptrap
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 1,000 Genesus (Oakville, Manitoba, Canada) genetics pigs (51.8 kg body weight) were used to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirement by dietary phase. Pigs were penned by sex at 25 pigs per pen. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with eight replicate pens (four barrow, four gilt) per treatment. Growth performance was evaluated in four independent phases in which pens were re-allotted to dietary treatment between phases. Dietary SID Lys concentrations evaluated were 0.78, 0.88, 0.98, 1.08, and 1.18% for phase 1, 0.68, 0.77, 0.86, 0.95, and 1.04% for phase 2, 0.60, 0.67, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.90% for phase 3, and 0.53, 0.60, 0.67, 0.74, and 0.81% for phase 4. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic within each phase. During phase 1 (52-64 kg), average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (P < 0.01) quadratically with increasing SID Lys. Breakpoint analysis estimated the SID Lys requirement for ADG and G:F for phase 1 at 0.99 and 1.02%, respectively. During phase 2 (64-82 kg), ADG increased (P < 0.10) quadratically as dietary SID Lys increased with a plateau observed above 0.86% SID Lys. Gain:feed increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing SID Lys. During phase 3 (82-97 kg) cost of gain was a quadratic response (P < 0.10) with the breakpoint being at 0.76% SID Lys. During phase 4 (97-131 kg), a linear response (P < 0.02) in G:F was observed with increasing SID Lys but with no improvement above 0.67% SID Lys. These data indicate the SID lysine requirement for Genesus finishing pigs to be approximately 0.99% (23.0 g/d) for 52-64 kg, 0.86% (21.9 g/d) for 64-82 kg, 0.76% (20.2 g/d) for 82-97 kg, and 0.67% (21.6 g/d) 97-131 kg.

PSIII-22 Impact of a Dietary Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance of Growing Finishing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
Aileen Joy Mercado ◽  
Terry Weeden ◽  
Huyen Tran ◽  
Emily Otto-Tice ◽  
Murali Raghavendra Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Orthogonal Contrasts ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Abstract: Two experiments were conducted involving a total of 1560 pigs (25.82 kgs, PIC and Hypor) to evaluate if phytogenic feed additive (PFA), containing essential oils and pungent substances, has positive impact on growth performance of growing finishing pigs. Pens in each experiment (Study 1: 11 pens, 20 pigs per pen; Study 2: 15 pens, 20 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments containing 0, 68, or 136 g/ton of the PFA. Feeding program consisted of 3 feeding phases of 21 d each. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (GF) were measured for each phase and overall. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIX of SAS using RCBD design with dietary inclusion of PFA, pen location blocked within a study and initial BW as covariate. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear or quadratic effect of PFA. No significant differences (P>0.20) were observed in ADG, ADFI or GF during the first 2 phases of the study. During phase 3 however, increasing the level of PFA resulted in a linear increase in ADG (P< 0.001) and a quadratic response in ADFI (P< 0.05) and GF (P< 0.05). Overall, linear improvements in ADG (P< 0.001) was observed with addition of PFA in the diets (+2.5%, +3% vs. NC). Similarly, increasing the level of PFA in the diet tended to linearly improve final BW (P< 0.10, +0.9%, +1.6% vs. NC). The results of this study indicate a positive impact of feeding a PFA on growth of growing-finishing pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of increasing dietary inclusion of camelina cake on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Hilbrands ◽  
L J Johnston ◽  
R B Cox ◽  
F Forcella ◽  
R Gesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the dietary inclusion rate of camelina cake (CC) that would support the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs similar to that of a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Pigs (n = 192; BW = 35.2 kg; Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace)), balanced for sex and initial weight, were assigned to pens (8 pigs/pen) and pens were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment). Treatments consisted of a non GMO corn-soybean meal control diet (CON), or CON containing 5% (5CC), 10% (10CC), or 15% (15CC) camelina cake. Feed disappearance on a pen basis and individual body weights of pigs were recorded every other week to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) on a pen basis. Prior to harvest, real-time ultrasonic measurements of back fat depth and loin eye area were collected on all live pigs. Pigs were harvested as a single group at about 23 weeks of age at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix with dietary treatment as a fixed effect and pen serving as the experimental unit. Growth performance data collected over time were analyzed using repeated measures within the Proc Glimmix procedure. Overall, pigs fed CON exhibited similar ADG to those consuming 5CC and higher ADG than pigs consuming 10CC and 15CC diets (1.10 kg vs. 1.05 kg for 10CC and 1.02 kg for 15CC; P < 0.05 for both mean comparisons). Pigs fed CON consumed more feed than pigs fed any of the CC diets (ADFI = 2.66 kg for CON vs. 2.46 kg for 5CC, 2.46 kg for 10CC and 2.47 kg for 15CC; P < 0.05 for all). These differences resulted in heavier (P < 0.05) CON-fed pigs at marketing than 10CC or 15CC-fed pigs. There were no differences in any carcass traits analyzed. From these data, we conclude that feeding up to 5% CC in corn-soybean meal-based diets did not negatively influence growth performance, or carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs.

Evaluation of the growth performance and carcass characteristics of commercial pigs produced in Quebec

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hammell ◽  
J. P. Laforest ◽  
J. J. Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Classification Index

Data for a total of approximately 2900 commercial pigs tested in 12 trials from 1987 to 1990 at the Beaumont test station in Quebec were used to determine the effect of sex, sire breed, cross type and parity number of the dam on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were housed four to a pen and were fed commercial diets. Feed intake and growth rate were measured during the test, and carcass measurements were taken at slaughter and at 24 or 72 h following slaughter. Castrated males ate more per day, had a better gain and reached slaughter weight (96.4 ± 5.6 kg) at a younger age than gilts. Gilts had a better carcass yield and were leaner than castrated males. Commercial pigs sired from Duroc or Duroc–Hampshire boars had a growth performance superior to that of pigs sired by Landrace, Yorkshire or Hampshire boars. Progeny from Duroc or Duroc–Hampshire boars also produced carcasses with less loin fat, a thicker loin muscle, a higher estimated lean yield and a better classification index. Pigs from three-way crosses had a higher average daily gain and a better feed conversion than pigs from other types of crosses (single, backcross, four-way, synthetic and purebred), and they reached market weight at a younger age. Most carcass characteristics were also affected by the type of cross, but no specific type of cross was clearly superior to the others for the various variables studied. An increase in parity number of the dam caused a gradual decrease in growth performance, except for pigs from parity six, which presented the best results. There was also a linear decrease in loin muscle thickness, estimated lean yield and classification index and a linear increase in loin fat thickness with increase in parity number of the dam. Key words: Pig, growth performance, carcass composition

scholarly journals Effects of zinc source and level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs1,2

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 742-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Corey B Carpenter ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Zinc Source ◽  
Quadratic Response

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of added Zn source and level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 1,980 pigs divided into 2 groups [group 1: 1,008 pigs, TR4 × (Fast Large White × PIC L02) and group 2: 972 pigs, PIC 337 × 1,050], initially 33.3 kg, were used in a 103- or 114-d growth trial in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 sources of added Zn, Zn hydroxychloride (ZnHyd; IntelliBond Z, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) or Zn sulfate (ZnSO4), and 3 levels of added Zn (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg). Diets contained a vitamin-trace mineral premix without added Zn and provided 76 and 162 mg/kg Fe and Cu, respectively. All diets contained 750 FTU/kg phytase. There was a total of 14 replicates per treatment. Pens of pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio. At the end of the experiment, pigs were transported to a packing plant to determine hot carcass weight (HCW), backfat depth, loin depth, and lean percentage. Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive effects of added Zn source and level for growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs fed diets with increasing added Zn had a tendency (P = 0.093) for a quadratic response in ADG, with the greatest ADG observed at 100 mg/kg added Zn. There was a linear improvement (P = 0.010) in carcass yield and a quadratic response (P = 0.045) in HCW, with pigs fed 100 mg/kg added Zn having the highest HCW. Pigs fed diets with ZnHyd had improved (P = 0.017) carcass yield and a tendency (P = 0.058) for greater HCW compared with pigs fed ZnSO4. In summary, under the commercial conditions of the study and with diets containing 750 FTU/kg phytase, there were relatively small improvements in ADG of growing-finishing pigs fed added Zn beyond 50 mg/kg. Providing higher levels of added Zn improved carcass characteristics. Zinc source did not influence growth performance, but ZnHyd improved carcass characteristics compared with ZnSO4.

The effects of feeding a chocolate product on growth performance and meat quality of finishing swine

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. McNaughton ◽  
R. O. Ball ◽  
R. M. Friendship
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Chocolate Product ◽  
Swine Diets ◽  
Daily Gain

The effects of including a waste chocolate confectionary product in swine diets on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality of finishing pigs were determined. Four isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets were formulated to include 0, 10, 20 and 30% of a chocolate product in a pelleted corn and soybean-meal-based-diet and fed ad libitum to 32 gilts and 32 barrows from 54 kg to 105 kg. There were no significant differences among diets for average daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. Fat content in the diets increased from 3 to 7% with increasing inclusion, but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences for backfat depth, total dissected fat, total lean or percent lean of the dissected carcass. With respect to meat quality, there were no significant differences observed for colour, structure and marbling of the loin and ham muscle. There were no treatment differences for the firmness of the inner backfat of pigs consuming the various diets. Waste chocolate confectionary can be fed to growing swine at inclusion levels up to 30% of the diet with no adverse effects on growth or carcass quality. Key words: Alternative feedstuff, chocolate, pigs, growth performance, carcass quality

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document