scholarly journals Effect of calcium oxide and soybean hull addition to feedlot diets containing dried distillers grains and corn stover on steer performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A Lancaster ◽  
Chris R Muegge ◽  
Jose R R Carvalho ◽  
Rodrigo C Lopes ◽  
Rafael S Narumiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean hulls (SBH) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) on rumen pH, digestibility, and performance of steers fed diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In experiment 1, Angus × Simmental steers (n = 112, body weight [BW] = 364 ± 7.8 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial and placed in 16 pens (7 steers/pen, 4 pens/treatment, and 28 steers/treatment). Factors were SBH (0% or 30% of diet dry matter [DM]) and CaO (0% or 1%) inclusion. Basal diets contained 20% corn stover, 30% DDGS, and 4% supplement. Diets with SBH contained 14.1% or 15.0% corn and diets without SBH contained 43.9% or 44.8% corn. In experiment two, four steers (BW = 510 ± 9.8 kg) were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square (21 d periods) to determine the effects of CaO and SBH on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), nutrient digestibility, and digestion kinetics. Statistical analyses were conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In experiment 1, BW did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.46). Overall carcass-adjusted gain did not differ due to SBH or CaO inclusion (P ≥ 0.13); however, there was an interaction (P = 0.01) where CaO improved gain in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Steers fed SBH consumed more DM than steers not fed SBH (P = 0.02) and an interaction tended to occur (P = 0.06) where CaO increased dry matter intake in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Calcium oxide increased hot carcass weight and yield grade (interaction; P ≤ 0.04) and tended to increase fat thickness (interaction; P = 0.08) in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Dressing percentage, longissimus muscle area, % kidney, pelvic, heart fat, and marbling score did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.14). Total VFA concentrations were greater with SBH inclusion and with CaO addition (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was greater with CaO addition (P ≤ 0.04) and NDF and ADF digestibility were greater with SBH inclusion (P < 0.001). Inclusion of SBH did not affect (P ≥ 0.26) rate of digestion (kd) or passage (kp). Addition of CaO tended to increase mean retention time (P = 0.09). An interaction between SBH inclusion and CaO addition occurred for kd (P = 0.01), where CaO increased kd in steers fed SBH, but decreased kd when steers were fed no SBH. Total N excretion tended to be lower with SBH inclusion and CaO addition (P = 0.07). In conclusion, CaO enhances performance of cattle fed corn, DDGS, and corn stover diets, but not when corn is partially replaced by a fiber-based energy feed.

scholarly journals Total and partial digestibility, rates of digestion obtained with rumen evacuation and microbial protein synthesis in bovines fed fresh or ensiled sugar cane and corn silage

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Chamon de Castro Menezes ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Felipe Antunes Magalhães ◽  
Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares ◽  
Lays Débora Mariz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

It was evaluated intake, rumen and intestinal digestibility and passage and digestion rates in bovines fed diets constituted of corn silage, crushed sugar cane and given fresh, crushed sugar cane and given after 72 hours of storage, ensiled sugar cane with 1% of calcium oxide and with no treatment and a same concentrate fixed at 1% of body weight. All roughage was corrected to contain 10% of crude protein. It was used five rumen-fistulated bovine with average weight of 240 ± 15 kg, distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Abomasum and total fecal collection and two rumen evacuations were carried out in the morning. Animals fed corn silage based diet presented greater rumen digestibility of the protein and intestinal digestibility of the ether extract, greater intake and passage of dry matter, justifying greater intakes of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber corrected for protein and ash (NDFap). The greatest passage rates in animals fed fresh sugar cane based diet justify greater intakes of dry matter and NDFap in relation to the one observed with sugar cane silage supply. Animal consuming corn silage diets present greater dry matter passage rate and NDFap digestion. Diets with fresh sugar cane, stored or not, favor dry matter passage rate and intake, in relation to ensiled sugar cane. The use of calcium oxide in the ensilage does not improve nutrient digestibility neither passage rate of the diet. Sugar cane stored for 72 hours has digestible traits similar to the ones of fresh sugar cane.

scholarly journals Replacement of raw soybean with roasted soybean increased milk production in Holstein cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilson Sebastião Dias Júnior ◽  
Vítor Augusto Silveira ◽  
Ivan Júnior Ascari ◽  
Renata Apocalypse Nogueira Pereira ◽  
Marina de Arruda Camargo Danés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Improved Performance

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of total replacement of raw whole soybean (RAW) for roastedwhole soybean (ROS) on the production performance of Holstein cows. Two experiments were carried out usinga simple reversal design where RAW has been completely replaced by ROS. In experiment 1, 22 cows (175±60 days in milk)were used, and the dietary inclusion level of RAW or ROS was 3.7% of dry matter (DM). In experiment 2, 16 cows (130±50 days in milk)were used, and thedietary inclusion level of RAW or ROS was 11% of DM. In both experiments, ROS increased milk production by 1.1kgday-1 without changing fat and protein production. Dry matter intake or milk urea nitrogenwere not affected by dietary soy source. In experiment 2, plasma glucose concentration was decreased, and allantoin/creatinine ratio in urine tended to decreasein ROS. Experiment 2 also evaluated the nutrient digestibility and ruminal degradation kinetics of crude protein in two soybean sources. Roasting had no effect on the digestibility of DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber. Roasted whole soybean hadgreater fraction B and lower protein degradation rate than did RAW; this showed that heat treatment was effective in increasing therumen undegradable amino acid flowto the animal, which suggesteda potential mechanism of action for improved performance observed in ROS.

Replacing canola meal as the major protein source with wheat dried distillers’ grains alters omasal fatty acid flow and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Chibisa ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
T. Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains

Chibisa, G. E., Christensen, D. A. and Mutsvangwa, T. 2013. Replacing canola meal as the major protein source with wheat dried distillers’ grains alters omasal fatty acid flow and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 137–147. Wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles (W-DDGS) has a high fat content and is now commonly fed to dairy cows in western Canada. The objective was to determine the effects of replacing canola meal (CM) with W-DDGS on omasal fatty acid (FA) flow and milk FA composition. Four ruminally-cannulated lactating dairy cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Cows were fed either a standard barley silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) (0% W-DDGS, control) or TMR containing 10, 15 and 20% W-DDGS, with W-DDGS replacing CM as the major protein source. The omasal flow of C18:1 trans-10, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) cis-9, trans-11, and total CLA increased linearly with increasing levels of W-DDGS. There were quadratic changes in milk concentrations of total C18:2, C18:3n-3, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and total n-6 PUFA as the level of W-DDGS increased. Feeding increasing amounts of W-DDGS resulted in a linear increase in milk concentrations of CLA cis-9, trans-11, CLA trans-11, trans-13, and total CLA, whereas milk concentrations of C18:1 trans-11 tended to increase linearly when level of W-DDGS increased. Feeding increasing amounts of W-DDGS resulted in quadratic changes in milk concentrations of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3. In summary, feeding increasing amounts of W-DDGS increased milk concentrations of key FA like C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, CLA cis-9, trans-11, and total CLA, which can potentially improve human health.

scholarly journals Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo S Goulart ◽  
Ricardo A M Vieira ◽  
Joao L P Daniel ◽  
Rafael C Amaral ◽  
Vanessa P Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

ENSILING CHARACTERISTICS OF SILAGES TREATED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FLIPOT ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
J. J. PARKINS
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Corn Stover Silage ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm System

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of NaOH on the ensiling characteristics of corn and alfalfa forage. In one trial, NaOH was added at levels of 0, 2, 3, or 4% of dry matter (DM) to whole plant corn and 0 or 3% to corn stover, and ensiled in cryovac bags. In a second trial, 0 or 3% NaOH was added to whole plant corn or alfalfa (25–40% DM). In addition, alfalfa had molasses added at a level of 0 or 10% of the forage DM. Materials were ensiled in miniature silos of 250-ml capacity. Additions of NaOH to all forages increased silage pH (P < 0.05). Molasses may have some influence in limiting the rise in pH after addition of NaOH but the effect appears to be limited. Alkali treatment of corn stover silage and corn silage generally increased lactic acid production. Total-N of all silages tended to decrease with NaOH treatment. However, alkali treatment markedly reduced soluble-N with all forages (P < 0.05), except with corn stover. Molasses also reduced soluble-N (P < 0.05) with alfalfa silage of low DM content. Treating forages while ensiling would appear to represent a suitable on-farm system for alkali treatment.

Characterizing Corn and Cattle Manure Derived Biochars Relevant to Their Use as Soil Additives

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1335-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md S. Borhan ◽  
Shafiqur Rahman ◽  
Niloy Chandra Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Beef Feedlot Manure

Abstract. Biomass-derived biochars have shown potential for improving soil properties as a whole that are conducive to plant growth with reduced environmental pollution. Four types of biomass, namely, corn stover (CS), dried distillers’ grains and solubles (DDGS), dairy manure (DM), and beef feedlot manure (BFM), were transformed to biochar through pyrolysis at 400°C with 1, 2, or 3 h residence time. The biochars were characterized by proximate analysis (volatile matter (VM), ash, and fixed carbon (FC)), ultimate analysis (total carbon (TC), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O)), and thermogravimetric analysis (pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and bulk density (BD)). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDXS), and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to categorize pore size, functional groups, and mineralogical properties related to potential use in environmental remediation. The highest heating value (HV) was measured with CS (28 to 29 MJ kg-1), and the lowest HV was measured with BFM (~5 MJ kg-1). The greatest organic carbon (OC) content was obtained with CS (68%), followed by DDGS (63%), DM (44%), and BFM (15.4%) biochars. The SEM images showed the macrocellular morphology of the original shape of the biomass particles, which consisted mainly of aggregate microspheres 2 to 10 µm in size. The surface functional groups of all four biochars were dominated by hydroxyl, methyl, methylene, aromatic carbonyl/carboxylic, and alkene groups. The CS and DDGS biochars showed higher TC (76%), FC (61%), OC (67%), water holding capacity, and mineral contents and outperformed the DM and BFM biochars as the best soil amendments. Keywords: Beef feedlot manure, Corn stover, Dairy manure, Dried distillers’ grains and solubles.

scholarly journals Intake and performance of confined bovine fed fresh or ensilaged sugar cane based diets and corn silage

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Chamon de Castro Menezes ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Felipe Antunes Magalhães ◽  
Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares ◽  
Laura Franco Prados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
And Performance

It was evaluated intake, total apparent digestibility, performance and feeding behavior of bovine fed diets constituted of corn silage, crushed sugar cane given fresh or crushed and given 72 hours after storage, ensilaged sugar cane with or without 1% of calcium oxide and concentrate at the proportion of 1% of the body weight. It was used 35 bovines, distributed in a random block design, with 5 treatments and 6 repetitions. The animals were housed in collective stalls with troughs individualized by electronic gates. The animals fed diet with corn silage presented greater intake of all nutrients and greater total digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, as well as greater weight gain and subcutaneous fat thickness. Animals fed diet with fresh sugar cane presented greater nutrient intake as well as better dry matter digestibility, ether extract and TDN content and a superior performance in relation to animals fed ensilaged sugar cane diets. Animals fed silage of sugar cane with calcium oxide presented greater digestibility of organic matter, NFC and content of TDN but they did not differ on performance in relation to the use of silage of sugar cane without calcium oxide. Intake and performance of animals did not change with or without storage of sugar cane. It was concluded that animals fed diets with corn silage present performances superior to the ones which are fed sugar cane based diets, and animals fed fresh sugar diet are superior to the animals fed diets with sugar cane silage.

scholarly journals Impact of corn silage moisture at harvest on performance of growing steers with supplemental rumen undegradable protein, finishing steer performance, and nutrient digestibility by lambs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 761-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Henry Hilscher ◽  
Dirk B Burken ◽  
Curt J Bittner ◽  
Jana L Gramkow ◽  
Robert G Bondurant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Abstract Three experiments evaluated delaying corn silage harvest, silage concentration, and source of supplemental protein on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing diets. Experiment 1 used 180 crossbred yearling steers (body weight [BW] = 428; SD = 39 kg) to evaluate corn silage dry matter (DM) (37% or 43%) and replacing corn with silage (15% or 45% of diet DM) in finishing diets containing 40% modified distillers grains with solubles. Experiment 2 used 60 crossbred steers (BW = 271; SD = 32 kg) to evaluate corn silage harvest DM (37% or 43%) and response to rumen undegradable protein (RUP) supplementation (0.5%, 1.4%, 2.4%, 3.3%, or 4.2% of diet DM) in silage growing diets. Experiment 3 used 9 crossbred lambs (BW = 30.1; SD = 4.1 kg) to evaluate nutrient digestibility of 37% or 43% DM corn silage in silage growing diets fed ad libitum or restricted to 1.5% of BW. In experiment 1, as corn silage concentration increased from 15% to 45%, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Carcass-adjusted final BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were lower (P ≤ 0.04) for steers fed 45% corn silage compared to 15% when fed for equal days. As DM of corn silage was increased from 37% to 43%, no differences (P ≥ 0.30) in dry matter intake (DMI), ADG, G:F, or HCW were observed. In experiment 2, as DM of corn silage increased from 37% to 43%, ADG and G:F decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Increasing supplemental RUP in the diet increased (P ≤ 0.05) ending BW, DMI, ADG, and G:F linearly as supplemental RUP increased from 0.5% to 4.2%. In experiment 3, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.56) in DM digestibility and organic matter digestibility between silage harvest DM and intake level. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) for lambs fed the delayed harvest corn silage compared to earlier corn silage harvest. As silage harvest was delayed from 37% to 43% DM, NDF digestibility decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from 64.39% to 53.41%. Although increasing corn silage concentration in place of corn in finishing diets reduced ADG and G:F, delayed silage harvest did not affect performance of finishing cattle. Delayed silage harvest in growing cattle resulted in lower ADG and G:F, possibly due to increased starch or maturity leading to decreased NDF digestibility. The addition of RUP to silage-based, growing diets improves performance by supplying more metabolizable protein and suggests RUP of corn silage is limiting.

scholarly journals Growth performance and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of limit-fed diets containing wet brewer’s grains to Holstein heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hatungimana ◽  
Tess C Stahl ◽  
Peter S Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Limit Feeding ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Body Condition Scores

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of Holstein heifers limit-fed diets containing different amounts of wet brewer’s grains (WBG). A 12-wk randomized complete block study was conducted using 30 yearling Holstein heifers [378 ± 27 d of age, and body weight (BW) of 357.8 ± 27.6 kg (mean ± SD)]. Treatments were 0%, 10% and 20% of WBG on a dry matter (DM) basis and diets were formulated to be limit-fed for dry matter intake (DMI) at 2.35% of BW and provided 15% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg of DM. Dry matter intake was recorded daily, while BW and skeletal measurements were measured every 2 wk. During week 12, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum over four consecutive days and composited by heifer to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as a marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Dry matter intakes, BW, and average daily gain were not different among treatments (P = 0.2, P = 0.4, and P = 0.6, respectively). Dry matter intakes ranged from 8.6 to 9.0 kg/d. Average BW were 404.4, 411.5, and 409.3 kg for heifers fed the 0%, 10%, and 20% WBG diets, respectively. Average daily gains were 1.03, 1.04, and 0.96 kg/d for heifers fed the 0%, 10%, and 20% WBG diets respectively. Skeletal measurements and body condition scores (BCS) were not different among treatments except for the change in heart girth (P &lt; 0.01) and initial BCS (P &lt; 0.01). Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, fat, and hemicellulose were greater or tended to be greater in heifers fed 0% and 20% WBG treatments than heifers fed 10 % WBG (P = 0.04, P = 0.04, P = 0.06, P = 0.06, and P = 0.01, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and fat digestibilities were similar among treatments (P = 0.2, P = 0.3, and P = 0.3, respectively). During the digestibility phase, DMI tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the 10% WBG treatment. These results demonstrate that limit-feeding heifers with diets containing up to 20% WBG could replace soybean- and corn-based concentrates in diets without adverse consequences to the heifer growth performance.

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